The lack of market development in remote areas is usually measured by spatial variation prices for a given set consumer goods. We focus instead on the way distance constrains choices consumers can make. construct model monopolistic competition between traders moving goods from towns to rural areas. An increase transport costs reduces welfare not only through lower incomes farm households and hi...

Each city need to develop sustainable transport plans according to its future developments. This means identifying the best policy package of transport measures that could produce more sustainable future scenarios: lowest environmental impact, but also better social standards and at minimum cost. To that end, it is necessary to measure the environmental and social costs of each alternative tran...

4. Initiatives on the internalisation of external costs in transport should aim at ensuring that all health costs are taken into account, including physical inactivity. This should therefore be part of the future European initiatives which will be taken to ensure the full internalisation of external costs as foreseen by the European Commission‘s White Paper on transport. 3 WHO’s health economic...