BACKGROUND AND AIMS Knowledge on how climate-induced range shifts might affect natural selection is crucial to understand the evolution of species ranges. METHODS Using historical demographic perspectives gathered from regional-scale phylogeography on the alpine herb Biscutella laevigata, indirect inferences on gene flow and signature of selection based on AFLP genotyping were compared betwee...

Wind tunnel measurements of the effects on twodimensional section characteristics of square ridge excrescences and of some gaps typical of those found round trailing-edge controls have been made at high subsonic Mach number and at Reynolds numbers up to 15.6 x 106, based on section chord length. The incremental drag due to a square ridge was found to be generally underestimated by applying an e...

A concept of tip vortex cavitation on propellers is described qualitatively, leading to the distinction of trailing vortices, local tip vortices and leading edge vortices. Improvements of the inception behaviour using this distinction are presented. Observations on developed tip vortex cavitation are given to show that the concept of vortex bursting seems inadequate. The problem of "broadband" ...

The teleost gill forms an extensive, semipermeable barrier that must tolerate intimate contact with the surrounding environment and be able to protect the body from external pathogens. The recent discovery of the interbranchial lymphoid tissue (ILT) has initiated an anatomical and functional investigation of the lymphoid tissue of the salmonid gill. In this article, sectioning of gill arches in...

Chemotactic responsiveness is crucial to neutrophil recruitment to sites of infection. During chemotaxis, highly divergent cytoskeletal programs are executed at the leading and trailing edge of motile neutrophils. The Rho family of small GTPases plays a critical role in cell migration, and recent work has focused on elucidating the specific roles played by Rac1, Rac2, Cdc42, and Rho during cell...

This study presents a dynamic-induced direct-shear model to investigate the dynamic triggering of frictional slip on simulated granular gouges. An incident P-wave is generated as a shear load and a normal stress is constantly applied on the gouge layer. The shear stress accumulates in the incident stage and the frictional slip occurs in the slip stage without the effect of the reflected wave. T...

This paper presents the development of a bioinspired flight control system and a characterization of its performance when operating in turbulent and gusting airflow conditions. This design consists of a skeletal structure with a network of feather-like panels installed on the upper and lower surfaces, extending beyond the trailing edge. Each feather is able to deform into and out of the boundar...