background and purpose: problem based medical education had been useful in education of medical sciences students. the objective is the determination of effects of problem based medical education on occupational health students' learning. methods: this study was a semi-experimental study. by using the curriculum of ministry of health, occupational toxicology course had been taught based on a pr...

Introduction Since the science of toxicology began thousands of years ago, behavioral endpoints have been used to study the effects of chemicals and drugs on humans and other mammals. In aquatic toxicology however, the nexus of behavioral sciences with the study of toxicants has only become prominent within the last 5 decades. Behavioral endpoints have been slow to be integrated in aquatic toxi...

Over the past decade, time-of-flight (TOF) and Orbitrap™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific) mass spectrometers have aroused a growing interest, we observed progressive replacement of low-resolution (LRMS) by high-resolution (HRMS). Thanks to high accuracy, they provide an unambiguous identification allow structural elucidation unknown compounds. Furthermore, offer new powerful acquisition modes based o...

Pharmacogenetic and Pharmacogenomics are the study of association between an individual's genotype their response to xenobiotics Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamics variations can appear at level drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, targets or other biomarker genes. can, therefore, be relevant in forensic toxicology. This review presents aspects together with some examples from daily rout...

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. (Corresponding author) MD, FACMT, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. mstzbmd@sbmu.ac.ir 2. MD, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Ardabil Universit...

1 Department of Ecotoxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT) Padappai 601 301, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Department of Statistics, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT) Padappai 601 301, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. 3 Director of the Institution International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIB...

Keyphrases D Pharmaceutical salts-general pharmacy, physicochemical properties, bioavailability, pharmaceutical properties, toxicology, review J:J Salts, pharmaceutical-general pharmacy, physicochemical properties, bioavailability, pharmaceutical properties, toxicology, review J:J Physicochemical properties-dissolution, solubility, stability, and organoleptic properties of pharmaceutical salts,...

A brief history of the development of the field of aquatic toxicology is provided. In order to provide a perspective on the state-of-the-art in aquatic toxicology relative to classical toxicology, the two fields are compared from the standpoint of the type of scientist practicing each field, the respective objectives of each, the forces which drive the activity in each field, and the major adva...

In cooperation with: Susanne Brendler-Schwaab, Harald Enzmann, Ludwig Schladt, Toxicology Rodent Studies and Genetic Toxicology, Bayer AG, Wuppertal; Erhard Deml, Doris Oesterle, Institute of Toxicology of the National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg; Karin Küttler, Werner Mellert, Product Safety Regulations, Toxicology and Ecology, BASF AG, Ludwigshafen; Oliver Mönnikes,...