Predicting the maintenance and management costs and replacement age of tractors in agricultural mechanized units, is important from several points. So, doing a timely agricultural operations, more accurate measure of the amount of income  including the cost of these items , determining the useful life of old tractors , replacement age, cost of the process changes and the possibility of examinin...

BACKGROUND ME/CFS is characterized by debilitating fatigue in addition to other physical and cognitive symptoms. It is estimated to affect over 800,000 adults in the U.S. ME/CFS often results in diminished functionality and increased economic impact. The economic impact of an illness is generally divided into two categories: direct and indirect costs. Despite high prevalence rates and the disab...

Statins are lipid-lowering medications used for primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease and represent a substantial portion of drug costs in the United States. A better understanding of prescribing patterns and drug costs should lead to more rational utilization and help constrain health care expenditures in the United States. The 2013 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payme...

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute neuromuscular paralysis. Of an estimated annual number of 2628-9575 US cases, 526-3830 are triggered by Campylobacter infection. Research objectives were to identify the lifetime consequences of GBS and, when possible, to quantify their economic burden. The cost-of-illness method was used to calculate annual societal ...

BACKGROUND In France, roughly 40,000 HIV-infected persons are unaware of their HIV infection. Although previous studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of routine HIV screening in the United States, differences in both the epidemiology of infection and HIV testing behaviors warrant a setting-specific analysis for France. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We estimated the life expectancy (LE), ...

AIMS To determine whether prostate cancer screening strategies with re-screening interval determined by individual baseline prostate-specific antigen values are cost-effective. METHODS Based on the results of an actual contemporary screening program, we established Markov decision analytic models of prostate cancer screening with personalized re-screening interval strategies using cutoff base...

The techniques and methods of developing cost models for respirators are discussed. Models are developed and implemented in this study for nineteen types of respirators in two major classes (air-purifying and supplied-air) and one LEV system. One respirator model is selected for detailed discussion from among the twenty models. The technical cost method is used in constructing the cost models f...

BACKGROUND To estimate the total annual cost due to chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related diseases imposed on each patient and his/her family in Iran. METHODS Economic burden of CHB-related diseases (CHB, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma) were examined. In this retrospective study, 100 Iranian patients were identified to obtain their socioeconomic status, utilization (direct and indirect cos...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the costs and effects of alternative strategies for annual screening of school children for refractive errors, and the provision of spectacles, in different WHO sub-regions in Africa, Asia, America and Europe. METHODS We developed a mathematical simulation model for uncorrected refractive error, using prevailing prevalence and incidence rates. Remission rates reflected t...

OBJECTIVES To assess the annual direct, indirect and total societal costs, quality of life (QoL) of AS in a Chinese population in Hong Kong and determine the cost determinants. METHODS A retrospective, non-randomized, cross-sectional study was performed in a cohort of 145 patients with AS in Hong Kong. Participants completed questionnaires on sociodemographics, work status and out-of-pocket e...