Genome sequencing of the teleost Atlantic cod demonstrated loss of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II, an extreme gene expansion of MHC class I and gene expansions and losses in the innate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family of Toll-like receptors (TLR). In a comparative genomic setting, using an improved version of the genome, we characterize PRRs in Atlantic cod with em...

BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been reported to activate myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) to induce Th2 T lymphocyte responses. Its effect on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with TLR ligands has not yet been studied. We investigated the effects of TSLP and TLR ligands on mDCs and pDCs subsets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic ...

IRAK4 is a member of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase (IRAK) family and has been shown to play an essential role in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signaling. We recently generated IRAK4 kinase-inactive knock-in mice to examine the role of kinase activity of IRAK4 in TLR-mediated signaling pathways. The IRAK4 kinase-inactive knock-in mice were completely resistant to lipopolysaccharide...

BACKGROUND Although (192)Ir intracoronary brachytherapy has been demonstrated to dramatically reduce the recurrence of in-stent restenosis, up to 24% of these patients will still require repeat target-vessel revascularization. The short- and long-term outcomes of repeat percutaneous intervention in this population have not been characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Analysis was performed of all ...

We investigated whether Toll-like receptor ligands (TLR-Ls) can bypass the requirement for CD4(+) T-cell help in the induction of fully efficient memory CD8(+) T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]). "Helpless" CTLs were induced by a synthetic CD8(+) T-cell epitope administered with TLR3-L and TLR9-L, but not with TLR2/6-L, TLR4-L, or TLR7-L. The up-regulation of MHC-I and costimulatory molec...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and endogenous molecules that are released during host tissue injury/death (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs). Interaction of TLRs with their ligands leads to activation of downstream signaling pathways that induce an immun...

Marginal zone B (MZ B) cells can rapidly produce antibody in response to infection with blood-borne encapsulated pathogens. Although TLR-mediated activation of MZ B is known to trigger humoral immune response, the signal cascade directing this response remains undefined. Here, we demonstrate that STAT1 plays an essential role in TLR-mediated antibody response of MZ B cells. Further, the TLR-ind...

background: toll like receptors (tlrs) are one of the main components of the innate immune system. it has been reported that expression of these receptors are altered in the female reproductive tract (frt) during menstrual cycle. here we used a fallopian tube epithelial cell line (oe-e6/e7) to evaluate the effect of two sex hormones in modulating tlr expression. materials and methods: in this e...

AIM To analyze the effect of TLR-9 (-1486 T>C) and TLR-9 (C>T) gene polymorphisms both at TLR-9 levels and together with their sepsis parameters. In this regard, the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used in order to detect TLR-9 gene polymorphisms, whereas the ELISA technique was used to analyze TLR-9 serum levels in 80 sepsis patients ...