awareness of wheat farmers’ personal preferences towards environmental issues and weed types is important in pricing bioherbicides for sustainable weed management and could consequently be a fundamental guide to agricultural authorities and policy-makers. in the present study, a survey was carried out by using data collected from 180 wheat farmers of korasan razavi province during 2008, togethe...

In this paper, a general framework is developed for continuous-time financial market models defined from simple strategies through conditional topologies that avoid stochastic calculus and do not necessitate semimartingale models. We then compare the usual no-arbitrage conditions of literature, e.g. NFL, NFLVR NUPBR recent AIP condition. With appropriate pseudo-distance topologies, we show they...

Recent research on pricing multiclass loss networks [19] has shown that the performance of optimal static pricing approaches that of optimal dynamic (congestion-dependent) pricing in the many small sources limit. In our own work with similar models, we have found it difficult to obtain large gains over static pricing in realistic settings, even when the many small sources assumption is violated...

Economists have long advocated congestion pricing as an efficient way of allocating scarce roadway capacity. However, with a few exceptions, congestion tolls are rarely used in practice and strongly opposed by the public and elected officials. Although high implementation costs and privacy issues are alleviated as appropriate technologies are developed, the concerns that congestion pricing will...

In this paper, we investigate an area-based pricing scheme for congested multimodal urban networks with the consideration of user heterogeneity. We propose a time-dependent pricing scheme where the tolls are iteratively adjusted through a Proportional–Integral type feedback controller, based on the level of vehicular traffic congestion and traveler's behav-ioral adaptation to the cost of pricin...

This paper investigates the transfer pricing risk awareness of multinational firms using cross-sectional data of more than 350 firms located in 24 countries and classified in 12 industries. Moving beyond the sole tax optimization motives of multinational firms, we extend the existing literature by using unique firm-level information such as that the transfer pricing risk awareness is assessed a...

In this paper we propose a general foreign equity option pricing framework that unifies the vast foreign equity option pricing literature and incorporates the stochastic volatility into foreign equity option pricing. Under our framework, the time-changed Lévy processes are used to model the underlying assets price of foreign equity option and the closed form pricing formula is obtained through ...

One of the key issues for implementing congestion pricing is the pricing granularity (i.e. pricing interval or timescale). The Internet traffic is highly variant and hard to control without a mechanism that operates on very low time-scales, i.e. on the order of round-trip-times (RTTs). However, pricing naturally operates on very large timescales because of human involvement. Moreover, structure...

Prior research has examined audit pricing for publicly held firms and provided some evidence of a Big 8 premium in pricing. We investigate audit pricing among private firms for the first time, and we compare audit pricing for private and public clients. We present evidence of a pricing premium, on average, for non-Big 5 auditors among large private clients after controlling for other effects. W...

This paper presents a virtual private network traffic pricing model with first-in-first-out and round-robin bandwidth scheduling. A transaction-level pricing architecture based on proxy server technology is proposed for the implementation. The experiment us ing real-time test data shows that the pricing mechanism can effectively improve a VPN's transmission efficiency measured in the service we...