Previous approaches to functional assessment of tic and habit disorders have centred largely around environmental contingencies or interceptive sensory processes as positive reinforcers. The current article argues rather that ongoing telic behavioral activity is functionally linked to tic onset and so type of behavioral activity and overall action plan at the time of ticcing should also be asse...

The cortico-basal ganglia pathway is involved in normal motor control and implicated in multiple movement disorders. Brief repetitive muscle contractions known as motor tics are a common symptom in several basal ganglia related motor disorders. We used focal micro-injections of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline to the sensorimotor putamen of behaving primates to induce stereotyped tics similar ...

Tourette syndrome is a childhood-onset chronic tic disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics and often accompanied by specific behavioral symptoms ranging from obsessionality to impulsivity. A considerable proportion of patients report significant impairment in health-related quality of life caused by the severity of their tics and behavioral symptoms and require medical intervent...

OBJECTIVE Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for tic disorders. Atomoxetine (ATX) has been accepted as an alternative medication for patients with ADHD and a comorbid tic disorder. It is rarely reported that tic symptoms are induced by ATX. METHODS This present report described a boy with ADHD who developed tic symptoms during ATX initiation. W...