Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are five-membered heterocyclic having sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in their ring structure and exhibiting potent as well as wide range of pharmacological activities. Variety of substituents on the thiazolidine-2,4-dione nucleus or as hybrid molecules when combined with other heterocyclic rings produce wide range of biological activities suchas antihyperglycemics,...

Human carboxylesterase (CES) 1A is responsible for the biotransformation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as imidapril and temocapril. Because antidiabetic or antihyperlipidemic drugs are often coadministered with ACE inhibitors in clinical pharmacotherapy, the inhibitory effect of these drugs on CES1A1 enzyme activity was investigated. In addition, the inhibitory effect o...

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are one of the major classes of antidiabetic drugs that are used widely. TZDs improve insulin resistance by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and ameliorate diabetic and other nephropathies, at least, in experimental animals. However, TZDs have side effects, such as edema, congestive heart failure, and bone fracture, and may increase b...

Background—The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a known response to arterial injury that is an important part of the process of restenosis and atherosclerosis. People with diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease resulting from accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. The newest drugs for Type 2 diabetes are thiazolidinediones, which are insulin-sensitizing...

Thiazolidinediones are a class of well-established antidiabetic drugs, also named as glitazones. Thiazolidinedione structure has been an important structural domain of research, involving design and development of new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Extensive research on the mechanism of action and the structural requirements has revealed that the intended antidiabetic activity in t...

Patients with diabetes have a greatly increased relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease when compared with patients without diabetes. Much of this risk is related to insulin resistance and is associated with both traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. Therapy for diabetes must address these risk factors in an attempt to prevent and adequately treat cardiovascular...