Risk assessment for mammals is currently based on external exposure measurements, but effects of toxicants are better correlated with the systemically available dose than with the external administered dose. So for risk assessment of pesticides, toxicokinetics should be interpreted in the context of potential exposure in the field taking account of the timescale of exposure and individual patte...

We report the delivery of a hydrophobic pesticide, thiamethoxam, by water-soluble nanosized cationic dendrimers that contain hydrophobic dendritic polyesters and peripheral amines, demonstrated by DLS, spectral analysis and ITC. The dendrimer-based nanocarrier can efficiently deliver the pesticide into the live cells and largely increase the cytotoxicity of the drug.

The reasons for the decline are currently not clear. However, some studies have linked the reduction in bee numbers to a widely-used class of pesticides, neonicotinoids, that have been broadly administered in large-scale crop production since the mid 1990’s – the same time that mass bee disappearances started to be reported 2. These nicotine-like chemicals, which include three key neonicotinoid...

the toxicity of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on diaeretiella rapae (mc'intosh) as a parasitoid of lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach), exposed to residues on glass vials, was investigated under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °c, 70 ± 5% rh and 16:8 h (l: d). moreover, in order to find the negative impacts of both insecticides on the efficiency of d. rapae, the functional response of the exposed paras...

BACKGROUND We assess the analysis of the data resulting from a field experiment conducted by Pilling et al. (PLoS ONE. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077193, 5) on the potential effects of thiamethoxam on honeybees. The experiment had low levels of replication, so Pilling et al. concluded that formal statistical analysis would be misleading. This would be true if such an analysis merely comprised t...

Evaluation of the efficacy clay particles as a coating agent cacao pods and carrier entomopathogen, Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin, was conducted for control mirid bug (CMB), Helopeltis bakeri Poppius. Choice no-choice tests were performed to evaluate Philippine-sourced deter CMB feeding, in comparison with commercially available particle film (US kaolin Surround ® ). To determine most efficien...

The scarcity of surface water has led to the use underground sources as an alternative for crop irrigation by farmers in semi-arid regions. However, these generally have high salinity, which prevents agricultural production. objective this study was determine effects pre-germination treatments with plant growth regulators and bioactivators on melon seeds attenuate salt stress caused during germ...