Model-based approaches have emerged as important tools for quantitatively understanding temporal relationships between drug dose, concentration, and effect over the course of treatment, and have now become central to optimal drug development and tailored drug treatment. In oncology, the therapeutic index of a chemotherapeutic drug is typically narrow and a full dose-response relationship is not...

Therapeutic drug monitoring is aimed at using drug concentration measurements to manage a patient's medication requirement and optimise clinical outcome, particularly in respect of drugs with narrow therapeutic index. Typically, immunoassay methods of various techniques are employed with the advantage of rapid turnaround time and ease of operation. The chromatographic methods are specific and c...

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the effects of laser beam size, power, and pulse duration of 1 to 100 milliseconds on the characteristics of ophthalmoscopically visible retinal coagulation lesions. METHODS A 532-nm Nd:YAG laser was used to irradiate 36 retinas in Dutch Belt rabbits with retinal beam sizes of 66, 132, and 330 mum. Lesions were clinically graded 1 minute after placement, t...

response varied significantly with the dose of porphyrin given: tumors of all 27 mice (100%) who received 0.05 mg of "hemato porphyrin" or its copper complex showed grossly complete re gression and did not recur during the following 84-86-day study period, while such regression was seen in only 5 of 126 mice (4%) treated by injection with the other dose levels of porphyrin or with vehicle alone...

background patients with severe refractory cardiac angina who are not candidates for any form of invasive treatment and are already on optimal medical therapy have few therapeutic options. enhanced external counter pulsation (eecp) offers an alternative palliative and possibly therapeutic option for these patients. eecp achieves this by inducing hemodynamic effects much similar to those of the ...

Nanomedicine formulations aim to improve the biodistribution and the target site accumulation of systemically applied (chemo-) therapeutics. Various different passively and actively targeted nanomedicines have been evaluated over the years, based e.g. on liposomes, polymers, micelles and antibodies, and a significant amount of (pre-) clinical evidence has been obtained showing that these 5-200 ...

Literature data relevant to the decision to allow a waiver of in vivo bioequivalence (BE) testing for the approval of immediate-release (IR) solid oral dosage forms containing stavudine (d4T) are reviewed. According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), d4T can be assigned to BCS class I. No problems with BE of IR d4T formulations containing different excipients and produced by diffe...

Preoperative radiotherapy lowers local recurrence rates after rectal cancer surgery, as seen in several randomised trials. Postoperative radiotherapy is also effective, although a higher radiation dose is required. In addition, preoperative, but not postoperative (unless combined with chemotherapy) radiotherapy also improves survival slightly. Since the toxicity profile also favours preoperativ...