transfer matrix method (tmm) has been applied to analyze characteristics of semiconductor laser optical amplifiers. the input signal is sinusoidal modulating wave and we do not assume the modulating bias signal as well. we have shown that the distoration arises from gain modulation at low modulation frequencies, but in microwave modulation frequencies, the gain takes an average value and the re...

The capacity and reach of today’s long-haul fiber optical communication systems is limited by amplifier noise and fiber nonlinearities. Conventional, phase-insensitive amplifiers (PIAs), have a quantum limited noise figure (NF) of 3 dB at high gain, meaning that with a shot-noise limited input signal the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is degraded by at least 3 dB. Phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs)...

this study develops a long run optimal pattern for nomadic ranchers of fars province under climate uncertainty by simulating dynamic process of livestock and forage productivity as well as employing dynamic stochastic programming. results indicate that the nomadic representatives do not perform, optimally. despite their attachments to livestock as an asset, and their life dependency on livestoc...

A zero-drift amplifier, as the name suggests, is an amplifier with offset voltage drift very close to zero. It uses auto-zero or chopping technology, or a combination of both, to continuously self-correct for DC errors over time and temperature. This enables the amplifier to achieve microvolt-level offsets and extremely low offset drifts. Therefore, it is uniquely suited to be used in signal co...

In this article, we propose a closed-loop precoding method for the Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK) modulation scheme, suitable for Multiple-Input-Single-Output (MISO) systems and denoted as adaptive GSSK (AGSSK), which achieves transmit-diversity gains in contrast to GSSK. For the case of a perfect feedback channel, we analytically show that for three and four antennas at the transmitter ...