advantages and disadvantages of using “stokes parameters” in exploration of inertia-gravity wave properties are discussed in this paper. the survey is carried out on an inertia-gravity wave event (igws in what follows) that occurred over iran from 7 to 9 february 2012. applying this technique for investigation of atmospheric igws was recommended by vincent and fritts (1987) and then developed b...

The purpose of this paper is to find the optimal geometry of Venturi for the production of biodiesel by hydrodynamic cavitation. Intensive methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation eliminate the limitation of mass transfer in the transesterification reaction. In this paper, a venturi design was developed to create cavitation in biodiesel production. The most important property of ven...

Studies on the evolutionary history of ascomycetes in terms of time scale will help to understand historical patterns that shape their biodiversity. Until now most of dating studies of ascomycetes have focused on major events in fungal evolution but not on divergence events within smaller groups of fungi e.g. within Sordariomycetes. We used molecular dating to estimate the time of separation of...

We introduce a class of discrete divergences on sets (equivalently binary vectors)that we call the submodular-Bregman divergences. We consider two kinds ofsubmodular Bregman divergence, defined either from tight modular upper or tightmodular lower bounds of a submodular function. We show that the properties ofthese divergences are analogous to the (standard continuous) Bregman d...

We refine the general methodology in [1] for the construction and analysis of essentially minimax estimators for a wide class of functionals of finite dimensional parameters, and elaborate on the case of discrete distributions with support size S comparable with the number of observations n. Specifically, we determine the “smooth” and “non-smooth” regimes based on the confidence set and the smo...

We analysed variation at maternally (mitochondrial DNA control region sequences) and bi-parentally (10 microsatellites) inherited genetic markers, as well as across 12 meristic characters in 7 populations of Amur grayling, Thymallus grubii, from eastern Siberia. All three data sets were concordant in supporting the existence of three diagnosable, reciprocally monophyletic, and most probably rep...

In this paper we shall consider some famous means such as arithmetic, harmonic, geometric, root square mean, etc. Considering the difference of these means, we can establish [5, 6]. some inequalities among them. Interestingly, the difference of mean considered is convex functions. Applying some properties, upper bounds on the probability of error are established in this paper. It is also shown ...

Most species-rich lineages of aquatic organisms have undergone divergence between forms that feed from the substrate (benthic feeding) and forms that feed from the water column (pelagic feeding). Changes in trophic niche are frequently accompanied by changes in skull mechanics, and multiple fish lineages have evolved highly specialized biomechanical configurations that allow them to protrude th...

In this paper we explore relationships between divergence and thick groups, and with the same techniques we estimate lengths of shortest conjugators. We produce examples, for every positive integer n, of CAT (0) groups which are thick of order n and with polynomial divergence of order n + 1, both these phenomena are new. With respect to thickness, these examples show the non-triviality at each ...