In the present paper, attempts have been made to find the differences and identify the functions of representation and objectives of producers of the works through a comparative study of two paintings with the same subject from the Ottoman and Mughal illustrated historical manuscripts. The approach of new cultural history, especially Peter Burke’s views on the common patterns of “representation...

 First Pahlavi period (1304-1320 SH) sought to modernize all pillars and components of the society. The endowment considered as one of the components of society and the most important sources of income for the clergy. Reza Khan tried to dominate the endowments by changing the mastery of endowments, changing the managing methods, supervision, exploitation and in some cases, seizing endowments. B...

The science of astronomy in Iran, like some other places in the world, has a long history. According to the internal accounts and the travelogues of the European tourists, astronomy was one of the most noted sciences for the Safavid government, and was influential in all affairs including governmental and military affairs, celebrations, and mourning ceremonies. This study uses a descriptive-ana...

Kurds of Khorasan regions live in its northern regions and are called kurmanj. During the rule of the Safavid dynasty, Kurds of Turkey, Syria and Caucasus in west Azerbaijan were moved to Khorasan to evade invasions of the Ottomans and were settled there. This movement of Kurds from Western Iran to northern Khorasan and their adjacency with Balooch and Turkmen people influenced their carpet wea...