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The means of proof are one the most critical topics that individuals resort to protect their rights, and they created by law prove disputed facts. Jordanian has stipulated in both civil proof. specified these must be presented upon request from court through a means. claim is lawsuit, legally charged with providing or payment litigants, but does judge have role proof, knowing law, addition othe...

We propose a nonparametric test for the exclusion and monotonicity assumptions invoked in instrumental variable (IV) designs based on random assignment of cases to judges. show its asymptotic validity demonstrate finite-sample performance simulations. apply our an empirical setting from literature examining effects pretrial detention defendant outcomes New York. When are not satisfied, we weake...