this paper tries to explore and asses the political party activities in iran after the islamic revolution. it believes that that formation of political parties was a result of political modernization in iran after the revolution. the authors further examine this modernization based on huntington's theory about modernization including stages of faction creation (factionalism), polarization,...

political attitudes of bureaucrats and their impact on performance have been one of the most important debates in public administration that have been studied in dichotomy of politics-administration. in this article, we examine the effect of political attitudes of bureaucrats on their organizational citizenship behavior (ocb). the results show that political attitudes have a significant correla...

according to the famous theory in iranian jurisprudence, civil liability of the vehicle keepers against third party is on the res ipsa loquitor, duty of care, or risk, or a combination of them. regarding to these foundations, if a vehicle keeper has not a policy of insurance covering third party damage, he or she must compensate the damage although has not caused the accident. this was inferenc...

A review of findings shows that Persian gardens have attracted a wide area of interests between psychologists and environment designers. The main reasons behind the attraction of Persian gardens are natural content and particular landscape configuration. To study these features, overall organization examination is employed according to psychological pattern. One of the impressive psychological ...

in articles of 196,768 and 769, the iranian civil code, under influence of the french law (art.1121 civ. code) and imamieh's jurisprudence, without any explanation to the legal nature of the contract for the benefit of third party, has briefly allowed the contracting parties to create an obligation for the benefit of third party. this brevity caused an ambiguity in explaining of the relati...

We prove the Garden of Eden theorem for cellular automata with finite set of states and finite neighbourhood on right amenable left homogeneous spaces with finite stabilisers. It states that the global transition function of such an automaton is surjective if and only if it is preinjective. Pre-Injectivity means that two global configurations that differ at most on a finite subset and have the ...

We prove a converse to Myhill’s “Garden-of-Eden” theorem and obtain in this manner a characterization of amenability in terms of cellular automata: A group G is amenable if and only if every cellular automaton with carrier G that has gardens of Eden also has mutually erasable patterns. This answers a question by Schupp, and solves a conjecture by CeccheriniSilberstein, Mach̀ı and Scarabotti.