an the managers have experienced one kind of crisis or another in their organizations, and hence are willing to group and empower themselves in challenging them. this article while classifying the organizations in two categories as crisis accepting and crisis challenging, suggestion for making the organization as crisis challenging have been given. the process of crisis creation, three perspect...

In this paper, we propose the possibility that the mortgage boom and bust crisis of 2007–2009 might have been caused by financial innovation. We suggest that the astounding rise in subprime and Alt A leverage from 2000 to 2006, together with the remarkable growth in securitization and tranching throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, raised the prices of the underlying assets such as houses and m...

in a crisis, daily life of people is threatened by disaster. the management of the crisis is both a science and an art in which attempts are made to restore the critical situation to a normal one, not necessarily to the same conditions which existed before the crisis took place. the ability of a manager to overcome the crisis depends on his readiness before it occurs. in this review article, th...

abstract circassians are one of the ethnic groups in the south-west of the caucasus who speak circassian language which is one of the branches of the north-east caucasus languages (ebrian-caucasian). this ethnic branch includes the caucasian ethnic abkhaz-adygian group, which are nowadays divided in three republics in the north caucasus kabardino-balkaria, karachay-cherkessia and adygeya. by us...

our country, iran, is in the category of waterless and survived countries because of lack of climate downfalls to its unsuitable local to temporal transmittance. environmental concerns mainly after 1960s that have boon seriously proposed in universal politics, created a variety of assessments. in the late decades, environmental change such as: climate change, has caused chief challenges for the...

China is a vast and overpopulated country in the eastern Asia whose energy security and supply is the most important factor of economic growth and consequently, economic, social and political security. By the past decades, its leaders have understood the key role of economic growth and development in the economic and political security of china. Thus, they have put all their concentration on th...