background: th1 cells preferentially express cxcr3, ccr5 and ccr6, while ccr3 and ccr4 are predominantly expressed by th2 cell subsets. multiple sclerosis (ms) is a th1 cell-dependant chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, and immunomudolatory cytokines could alter the chemokine expression pattern of these lymphocyte subsets. objective: this study was performed to measure c...

CD4+ T cells have been recently divided into two subsets. The functions of these subsets are thought to be distinct: one subset (Th1) is responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity responses and another (Th2) is primarily responsible for induction of antibody synthesis. To more precisely define the roles of both subsets in humoral immune responses, we examined the ability of a panel of nomina...

he T helper 1 (Thl) and Th2 patterns of cytokine production were originally described among mouse CD4’ T-cell clone@ and later among human T cells’. Mouse Thl cells produce interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon y (IFN-y) and lymphotoxin (LT), whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13. Human Thl and Th2 cells produce similar patterns, although the synthesis of IL-2, IL-6, IL-1...

The liver is the major site of clearance and degradation of foreign antigens from the portal circulation. Despite the presence of hepatic accessory cells, antibody responses to orally administered antigens are uncommon. To ascertain if hepatic accessory cells are incapable of stimulating specific subsets of T lymphocytes, freshly isolated hepatic nonparenchymal and splenic cells were cultured w...

Aim An immune etiology for idiopathic recurrent miscarriage is an important issue because a fetus is allogenetically different from the mother. Type 1 T helper (Th1) and Type 2 (Th2) cells have important functions in immune responses and there is a general agreement that pregnancy is associated with Th2 cell dominance. The purpose of this case report is to establish the effectiveness of an immu...

Neonatal exposure to antigen is believed to result in T cell clonal inactivation or deletion. Here we report that, contrary to this notion, neonatal injection of BALB/c mice with a hen egg lysozyme peptide 106-116 in putative "tolergenic" doses induced a T cell proliferative and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody (Ab) response of both T helper cell 1 (Th1)- (IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG 3) and Th2-dep...

Editor—We investigated the effect of different concentrations of morphine and tramadol on the differentiation of human adult helper T cells in vitro. Twenty outpatients without any immune diseases were selected and their peripheral blood was collected. Whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were pretreated with different concentrations of morphine or tramadol for 48 h, while ...

Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is considered to be an organ-specific autoimmune disease. However, the pathogenesis of GO is incompletely understood at the present time. To clarify the immunological differences between newly diagnosed GO and Graves' disease (GD) without ophthalmopathy or healthy controls (HC), we examined T-cell profile and the Th1/Th2 profile cell balance in GO (n=20), GD (n=20) a...

The developmental commitment to a T helper 1 (Th1)- or Th2-type response can significantly influence host immunity to pathogens. Extinction of the IL-12 signaling pathway during early Th2 development provides a mechanism that allows stable phenotype commitment. In this report we demonstrate that extinction of IL-12 signaling in early Th2 cells results from a selective loss of IL-12 receptor (IL...

Th2 cells are important effector cells during allergic disorders and parasite infections. Efficient differentiation of Th2 cells requires signaling via the IL-4R and the transcription factor Stat6. Stat6 is further implicated in Th2 cell recruitment to the lung and might be required for the survival of memory Th2 cells. We analyzed the role of Stat6 in T cell expansion, survival, and recruitmen...