N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade can improve L-DOPA (l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Amantadine is a well-tolerated and effective antiparkinsonian agent, recently found to possess NMDA antagonistic properties. Oxidative damage may contribute dopaminergic (DAergic) neurodegeneration the substantia nigra of patients with PD. N,N...

The proton-activated G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 4 (GPR4) is constitutively active at physiological pH, and GPR4 knockout protected dopaminergic neurons from caspase-dependent mitochondria-associated apoptosis. This study explored the role of in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model Parkinson’s disease (PD). In mice, subchronic MPTP administration cause...

Ticlopidine is an agent that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. Metabolic studies with ticlopidine have indicated that the principal routes of metabolism are N-dealkylation, N-oxidation, and oxidation of the thiophene ring. However, ticlopidine shares some structural features that are similar to those of cyclic tertiary amines such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahyd...

The potential proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces Parkinson-like syndromes in common marmosets, other primates, and humans. MPTP is metabolically activated to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ions (MPDP(+) and MPP(+), respectively) by desaturation reactions. MPTP is deactivated to 4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (P...