The TAM family of receptors (i.e., Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk), and their ligands Growth arrest specific factor 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1) contribute to several oncogenic processes, such as cell survival, invasion, migration, chemo-resistance, and metastasis, whereby expression often correlates with poor clinical outcomes. In recent years, there has been great interest in the study of TAM recept...

For a task of natural language understanding, the identification of tense, aspect and mood (TAM) features in a given text is of importance in itself. A closer look at the verb groups in a sentence can give the exact combination of the TAM features the verb group carries. While the verb group consisting of one word could be easily interpreted for the TAM features, the TAM features of the verb gr...

Tamoxifen (TAM) is a highly effective selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used extensively for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. However, prolonged treatment of women with TAM may be a risk factor for endometrial cancer, and research in our laboratory is focused on the development of selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators that can be used in combination with TAM to i...

Tamoxifen (TAM) is an antiestrogen that has been widely used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer in women. One of the major mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of TAM and its major active metabolites 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) and 4-OH-N-desmethyl-TAM (endoxifen; 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen) is via glucuronidation. Although limited studies have been performed characteri...

The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases Tyro3, Axl, and Mer regulate key features of cellular physiology, yet the differential activities of the TAM ligands Gas6 and Protein S are poorly understood. We have used biochemical and genetic analyses to delineate the rules for TAM receptor-ligand engagement and find that the TAMs segregate into two groups based on ligand specificity, regulation by phosphat...

To elucidate the mechanism of TAM treatment on gliomas, we hypothesised that PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathway may play important roles on TAM-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Our results demonstrated that TAM induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of AKT significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner in response to TAM treatment, JNK was tran...

Macrophages are extremely versatile cells that adopt a distinct phenotype in response to a changing microenvironment. Consequently, macrophages are involved in diverse functions, ranging from organogenesis and tissue homeostasis to recognition and destruction of invading pathogens. In cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) often contribute to tumor progression by increasing cancer cell migr...

Many chemotherapeutic agents with a potential against solid tumors or leukemia can cause lymphopenia. Tamoxifen (TAM) is a synthetic non-steroidal anti-estrogen drug employed in female breast cancer treatment. The present study investigated the capacity of TAM to induce cell death in human lymphocytes cultivated in vitro. Lymphocytes were obtained from young (25-30 years; n = 3) and elderly wom...

Metabolites linked to changes in choline kinase-α (CK-α) expression and drug resistance, which contribute to survival and autophagy mechanisms, are attractive targets for breast cancer therapies. We previously reported that autophagy played a causative role in driving tamoxifen (TAM) resistance of breast cancer cells (BCCs) and was also promoted by CK-α knockdown, resulting in the survival of T...

This investigation examines the tamoxifen (TAM)-dependent growth in vivo of an MCF-7 tumor variant, MCF-7TAM, previously reported in this journal (M. M. Gottardis and V. C. Jordan, Cancer Res., 48:51835187, 1988). Ovariectomized athymic mice were implanted with I-mm-' pieces of MCF-7TAM and were treated with Silastic capsules of varying sizes containing TAM to demonstrate dose-dependent growth ...