Clinical studies propose a causative link between the consumption of alcohol and the development and progression of liver disease in obese individuals. However, it is incompletely understood how alcohol and obesity interact and whether the combined effects are additive or synergistic. In this study, we developed an in vitro model to address this question. Lipid accumulation in primary human hep...

In the present study, we show that recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta), which has no effect on the proliferation of human progenitor cells, has synergistic effects on the expansion of human progenitor cells induced by rhIL-3 in liquid cultures. The synergistic effects of rhIL-1 beta with rhIL-3 were observed in liquid cultures using not only fresh bone marrow mononuclear cells, b...

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), as key mediators in angiogenesis and osteogenesis, are used in a combined delivery manner as a novel strategy in bone tissue engineering. VEGF has the potential to enhance BMPs induced bone formation. Both gene delivery and material-based delivery systems were incorporated in previous studies to investigate the sy...

uv/tio2 photocatalysis of chelated copper in aqueous solutions has been performed starting from cu(ii)-tartaric acid, cu(ii)-citric acid, cu(ii)-edta and cu(ii)-dtpa,in the presence of oxygen and at acidic ph. the photocatalytic reaction obeys first-order kinetic equation. the influence of cu(ii) on photocatalytic oxidation of organic ligands and how the various organics will affect the treatmen...

BACKGROUND The combination of elevated glucose and free-fatty acids (FFA), prevalent in diabetes, has been suggested to be a major contributor to pancreatic β-cell death. This study examines the synergistic effects of glucose and FFA on β-cell apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms involved. Mouse insulinoma cells and primary islets were treated with palmitate at increasing glucose and effects ...

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an important part of primary health care in Asian countries that has utilized complex herbal formulations (consisting 2 or more medicinal herbs) for treating diseases over thousands of years. There seems to be a general assumption that the synergistic therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) derive from the complex interactions between the multi...

The antioxidant activity of different edible mushrooms was evaluated considering the different contribution of individual and combined extracts. The radical scavenging capacity was evaluated through hydrogen atom transfer and single electron transfer reaction-based assays: DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power, respectively. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation was studied in lipo...

Five new polyoxygenated marine steroids-punicinols A-E (1-5)-were isolated from the gorgonian Leptogorgia punicea and characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR, MS, 1H, 13C and 2-D NMR). The five compounds induced in vitro cytotoxic effects against lung cancer A549 cells, while punicinols A and B were the most active, with IC50 values of 9.7 μM and 9.6 μM, respectively. The synergistic effects...

I study the evolution of a pair of competing behavioural alleles in a finite graph-structured population when there are non-additive or "synergistic" fitness effects. I begin with the Price equation and extend it to both a personal-fitness and an inclusive-fitness formulation. I thereby obtain an extension of "Hamilton's Rule" to synergistic effects and I calculate and interpret the generalized...

A series of experiments evaluated the antileukemic effect of an agent which elevates cellular cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate levels by inhibiting phosphodiesterase. When ad ministered alone, theophylline had only modest antileukemic effects, but it had synergistic effects when administered with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 -nitrosourea. This synergism produced an improved therapeutic index in...