1. Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms 2. Importance of Nitrogen Fixation 2.1. Inputs to the Ecosystems 2.2. Methods to Measure Nitrogen Fixation 3. The Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis 3.1. The Rhizobia 3.2. Establishment of the Symbiosis 3.3. Functioning of the Root Nodule 4. Evolution and Ecology 5. Applications 5.1. Agronomy and Forestry 5.2. Biotechnology 6. Future Prospects Glossary Bibliography Biograph...

The purpose of this paper is to re-address the vision of human-computer symbiosis as originally expressed by J.C.R. Licklider nearly a half-century ago and to argue for the relevance of this vision to the field of cognitive informatics. We describe this vision, place it in some historical context relating to the evolution of human factors research, and observe that the field is now in the proce...

Suppression of host innate immunity appears to be required for the establishment of symbiosis between rhizobia and host plants. In this study, we established a system that included a host plant, a bacterial pathogen and a symbiotic rhizobium to study the role of innate immunity during symbiotic interactions. A pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (Pst DC3000), was...

The establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis results in a modification of the gene expression pattern in both plant and fungus to accomplish the morphological and physiological changes necessary for the bidirectional transfer of nutrients between symbionts. H(+)-ATPase enzymes play a key role establishing the electrochemical gradient required for the transfer of nutrients across th...

“Cognitive Computing” has become somewhat of a rallying call in the technology world, with the promise of new smart services offered by industry giants like IBM and Microsoft. The associated technological advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have thrown into the public sphere some old questions about the relationship between machine computation and human intelligence. Much of the industry a...

A vision for the Operator 4.0 is presented in this paper in the context of human cyber-physical systems and adaptive automation towards humanautomation symbiosis work systems for a socially sustainable manufacturing workforce. Discussions include base concepts and enabling technologies for the development of human-automation symbiosis work systems in Industry 4.0.

Source: A.W. Linnane, Monash University, Australia, in Lynn Margulis Early Life (Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc., 1984), p. 76 EXAMPLE OF A PROTOCTIST, WHICH EVOLVED FROM BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS The protoctist Mixotricha paradoxa. Protoctists evolved from bacterial symbiosis, and are neither plant nor animal, Margulis said. This is an example of an individual composed of at least five k...