Permethrin and Cypermethrin are synthetic pyrethroids, belonging to a group of insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and high insecticidal activity. The present study evaluated sub-acute toxicity of dermally administrated permethrin and cypermethrin in mice. Behavioral examination included assessments of lethality, weight gain, grooming, analgesymetry, anxiety, grasping, motor activity, and ...

Hindbrain norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons play a pivotal role in the central distribution of sensory signals derived from the internal environment. Their projections influence the various secretory patterns of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are essential for feeding and adrenal medullary responses to glucoprivation. NE and E terminals in the paraventricular nucleus o...

Most adult humans have been infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is thought to contribute to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome. Stress is known to influence the immune system and can exacerbate the sickness response. Although a role for psychological stress in the sickness response, particularly in combination with EBV-encoded deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dU...

The metabolism cage is a barren, non-enriched, environment, combining a number of recognized environmental stressors. We investigated the ability of male BALB/c mice to acclimatize to this form of housing. For three weeks markers of acute and oxidative stress, as well as clinical signs of abnormality were monitored. Forced swim tests were conducted to determine whether the animals experienced b...

BACKGROUND Opioid-containing leukocytes migrate to peripheral sites of inflammation. On exposure to stress, opioid peptides are released, bind to opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons, and induce endogenous antinociception. In later stages of Freund's complete adjuvant-induced local inflammation, monocytes/macrophages are a major opioid-containing leukocyte subpopulation, but these cel...

permethrin and cypermethrin are synthetic pyrethroids, belonging to a group of insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and high insecticidal activity. the present study evaluated sub-acute toxicity of dermally administrated permethrin and cypermethrin in mice. behavioral examination included assessments of lethality, weight gain, grooming, analgesymetry, anxiety, grasping, motor activity, and ...

To explore neuronal mechanisms underlying long-term consequences of stress, we studied stress-induced changes in the neuritic translocation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) splice variants. Under normal conditions, we found the synaptic AChE-S mRNA and protein in neurites. Corticosterone, anticholinesterases, and forced swim, each facilitated a rapid (minutes), yet long-lasting (weeks), shift fro...

  Numerous rodent models of depression have been reported, most requiring a long experimental period and significant effort. We explored a new potential mouse model for depression by investigating whether exposure to a 15-day chronic stress paradigm could induce depression-like behavior in ICR mice. Animals in the stress-exposed groups were subjected to 3 h of restraint while immersed in a 28°C...

Experimental models of depression often entail exposing a rodent to a stressor and subsequently characterizing changes in learning and anhedonia, which may reflect symptoms of human depression. Importantly, not all people, and not all laboratory rats, exposed to stressors develop depressed behavior; these "resilient" individuals are the focus of our review. Herein we describe research from the ...