General circulation models (GCMs) are valuable tools for understanding how the global ocean–atmosphere– land surface system interacts and are routinely evaluated relative to observational data sets. Conversely, observational data sets can also be used to constrain GCMs in order to identify systematic errors in their simulated climates. One such example is to prescribe sea surface temperatures (...

The Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper 15-μm channel brightness temperature observations (IRTM T15) provide extensive spatial and temporal coverage of martian atmospheric temperatures on diurnal to seasonal time scales. The 15-μm channel was designed so that these temperatures would be representative of a deep layer of atmosphere centered at 0.5 mb (∼25 km). Our re-examination of the IRTM data indi...

To quantify the effects of recent and potential future decreases in surface wind speeds on lake thermal stratification, we apply the one-dimensional process-based model MyLake to a large, shallow, polymictic lake, Võrtsjärv. The model is validated for a 3-year period and run separately for 28 years using long-term daily atmospheric forcing data from a nearby meteorological station. Model simula...

Novel heat-evolving pads were prepared and applied to the back of rabbits to measure the temperatures of the skin surface, subcutaneous tissue (about 3 mm in depth), muscle (about 8 mm in depth) under the applied area and the rectum. The application of the pad caused an increased in the skin surface temperature, which was accompanied with an increase in the subcutaneous and muscular temperature...