[1] The change in evaporation over the oceans in climate models is analyzed from the perspective of air‐sea turbulent fluxes of water and energy. The results challenge the view that the change in evaporation is predominantly constrained by the change in the net radiation at the surface. For fixed net radiation change, it is found that (1) robust increases in near‐surface relative humidity and (...

Radiation enhanced diffusion at the surface of metals has been observed and studied for low-energy nitrogen ions at the surface of copper. The displacement of the target atoms during irradiation creates vacancies and other defects near the surface, thus enhancing the diffusion of implanted materials toward the surface and also into the solid. The mechanism has been studied here by a specia...

Nowadays, with the development of the economy, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly while the energy supply is growing shorter and shorter. Researches indicate that energy consumption in the residential sector counts for the main parts of the total energy consumption. This paper evaluates the effect of building orientation on exposure to the solar radiation in a NESW orientated case o...

Solar radiation is a critical variable in global change sciences. While most of the current global datasets provide only the total downward solar radiation, we aim to develop a method to estimate the downward global land surface solar radiation and its partitioned direct and diffuse components, which provide the necessary key meteorological inputs for most land surface models. We developed a si...

A numerical finite difference study has been earned out for two dimensional radiation-natural convection interaction phenomena in a vertical circular pin located at a non-participating (i.e. transparent) fluid. The coupled conservation equations in boundary layer (continuity, momentum, and energy equations) and pin energy equation are solved simultaneously using modified box method and fully im...

Understanding the balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth is of critical importance in the study of climate change on Earth. As the only natural satellite of Earth, the Moon is a unique platform for the study of the disk-wide radiation budget of Earth. There are no complications from atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere on the Moon. The nearside of the...