Theorem 2. Suppose Σg,n is a compact orientable surface of genus g with n boundary components. Let {a1, ...., a3g−3+2n} be a 3-holed sphere decomposition of the surface where ∂Σg,n = a3g−2+n ∪ ... ∪ a3g−3+2n. Then each orientation preserving homeomorphism of the surface which is the identity map on ∂Σg,n is isotopic to a composition qp where p is positive and q is a composition of negative Dehn...

Introduction: Surface coatings on rocks are common if not ubiquitous on Earth, and now they have been observed and documented on the surface of Mars [1-3]. They occur in a variety of environments, and vary in composition, thickness, and physical properties. Surface coatings are important because they record conditions of alteration mostly owing to exposure to the planet’s atmosphere. Coatings a...

the levels of 19 organochlorine pesticides (ocps) in surface water and under water sedimentsfrom tanks located nearby the prime agricultural areas of kanyakumari district, tamil nadu, india wereinvestigated to evaluate their pollution risks. a total of 36 surface water samples at 9 sampling sites and27 sediment samples at 9 sampling stations were collected from tanks, which were the water sourc...

The liquidus surfaces and the isothermal section at 1073K of the pseudo-ternary CaO-Fe2O3-B2O3 system were determined in a composition range of less than 50mol% B2O3 using the thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The liquidus surface which is in equilibrium with Fe3O4 spreads over a wide composition range and that in equilibrium with Fe2O3 extends long and narrow toward CaO B2O3 and then tow...

Laser surface melting has been applied to near eutectic NiO-YSZ sintered ceramics. The objective is to generate a functional gradient composite material with graded microstructure and composition. At low solidification rates the resultant material has a graded composition, with a severe NiO segregation towards the surface. A thick NiO layer whose thickness depends on the travelling speed is for...

Colloidal synthesis routes have been recently used to fabricate heterogeneous catalysts with more controllable and homogeneous properties. Herein a method was developed to modify the surface composition of colloidal nanocrystal catalysts and to purposely introduce specific atoms via ligands and change the catalyst reactivity. Organic ligands adsorbed on the surface of iron oxide catalysts were ...

The composition and photochemical transformations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the northern North Pacific Ocean were investigated at the molecular level using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry and geochemical tracers. Analyses included vertical profiles and experiments in which deep sea DOM was exposed to sunlight and incubated in the dark. The composition of the deep sea DOM was f...

We calculate the ion and composition distributions around colloid particles in an aqueous mixture, accounting for preferential adsorption, electrostatic interaction, selective solvation among ions and polar molecules, and composition-dependent ionization. On the colloid surface, we predict a precipitation transition induced by a strong preference of hydrophilic ions to water and a prewetting tr...

As x S100-x (x = 40, 45, 50) thin films top surface nanolayers affected by green (532 nm) diode laser illumination have been studied by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical spectroscopy, and surface profilometry. It is shown that the composition of obtained films depends not only on the composition of the source material but as well on the composition of...