We use a series of historical natural experiments in association football to test whether social pressure from home stadium crowd affected behavior and outcomes. The standout effect an empty was that referees cautioned visiting players less often, by over third yellow card per match or once for every 22 fouls committed. Stadium crowds caused favor the team their decision-making. Empty stadiums ...

Using a 3-year longitudinal data set, we examined the effects of consistently versus inconsistently supportive parenting on several aspects of adolescent adjustment. Supportive parenting was a multidimensional construct which included parental sensitivity, predictability and involvement. The sample consisted of 283 German early adolescents (mean age=11.4 years, S.D.=1.2 at time 1) from former E...