The assembly of nanomaterials using DNA can produce complex nanostructures, but the biological applications of these structures remain unexplored. Here, we describe the use of DNA to control the biological delivery and elimination of inorganic nanoparticles by organizing them into colloidal superstructures. The individual nanoparticles serve as building blocks, whose size, surface chemistry and...

Based on high-field (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and accompanying numerical calculations, it is argued that in the frustrated S=1/2 ladder compound BiCu(2)PO(6) a field-induced soliton lattice develops above a critical field of μ(0)H(c1)=20.96(7) T. Solitons result from the fractionalization of the S=1, bosonlike triplet excitations, which in other quantum antiferromagnets are c...

The mathematical model developed in this paper deals with simultaneous synthesis of the integrated separation network, where both mass separating agents (MSAs) and energy separating agents (ESAs) are taken into account. The proposed model formulation is believed to be superior to the available ones. Traditionally, the tasks of optimizing ESA-based and MSA-based processes were either performed i...

Polymorphic adhesion molecules neurexin and neuroligin (NL) mediate asymmetric trans-synaptic adhesion, which is crucial for synapse development and function. It is not known whether or how individual synapse function is controlled by the interactions between variants and isoforms of these molecules with differing ectodomain regions. At a physiological concentration of Ca(2+), the ectodomain co...

One of the most important contributions Japanese researchers is proposition superstructure concept. Umeda and coworkers proposed in 1972 a system structure for reaction-separation process which split ratios determine connecting flows. Later, this concept changed to parameter and, finally, superstructure. Since 1980, superstructure-based optimization has been very active field Process Systems En...

We propose a bilevel mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the optimal investment of biorefinery facilities considering non-cooperative farmers and biofuel consumers. Interactions among the supply chain players are captured through a single-leader-multiple-follower Stackelberg game under the generalized Nash equilibrium assumption. Given a three-echelon superstructure, the lead ...

With expanding areas of applications, increasing needs for efficient cycles, and growing demands for efficient modeling, it has become essential to develop new systematic strategies for optimal design and operation of PSA systems. Although industrial usage of PSA is widespread, we observe a drought of any systematic methodology to design PSA cycles in PSA literature due to inherent complexity o...