Since cytochrome c and acetylated cytochrome c disappear from the circulation with a half-life of 4 min, these proteins cannot be used for in vivo detection of superoxide radicals and related metabolites. To determine superoxide and other radicals in vivo, a cytochrome c derivative (SMAC) was synthesized by linking 1 mol of poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) butyl ester (SM) to cytochrome c, followed...

Rose Bengal photosensitized flow injection chemiluminescence method is reported using luminol-Cu(II) for the determination of vitamins A and C in pharmaceutical formulations. The reaction is based on the enhancement effect of analyte in the production of anion radicals of Rose Bengal (RB (•-)) which rapidly interact with dissolved oxygen and generate superoxide anions radicals (O2 (•-)) and hyd...

Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), which protects the cell from the toxic potential of superoxide radicals (O(2)(-*)), is the only type of SOD which resides in eukaryotic mitochondria. Up-to-date, the exact catalytic mechanism of the enzyme and the relationship between substrate moieties and the ligands within the active site microenvironment are still not resolved. Here, we set out to explore t...

PURPOSE The authors determined the levels of the secreted, interstitially located extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), the cytosolic copper- and zinc-containing SOD (CuZn-SOD), and the mitochondrial manganese-containing SOD (Mn-SOD) in tears, cornea, sclera, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body, and retina of the human eye. METHODS SOD enzymatic activity was determined by the direct spe...

Alloxan and streptozotocin are widely used to induce experimental diabetes in animals. The mechanism of their action in B cells of the pancreas has been intensively investigated and now is quite well understood. The cytotoxic action of both these diabetogenic agents is mediated by reactive oxygen species, however, the source of their generation is different in the case of alloxan and streptozot...