One of the main causes of endodontic treatment failure is the clinician's inability to localize all the root canals. Due to the complex anatomy of the root canal system, missed canals are not uncommon. There are several strategies to decrease the possibility of missed root canals starting with good pre-operative radiographies. In order to overcome the limitations of conventional radiographies, ...

Chavez et al. [1] suggested that during embryonic development three canals fuse to form a single nerve canal. Failure of these canals to fuse can explain presence of multiple canals in some individuals. In case-1 and case2 there are bifid canals, one nerve canal is supplying the developing permanent tooth bud while the other branch is following its coarse into the mandible. To the best of our k...

Recent studies revealed that although subterranean mammals inhabit a dark underground environment, they can still perceive light stimuli and use this to entrain their circadian activity rhythm. Regarding spatial orientation, olfactory and tactile cues are employed for short-distance; whereas for long-distance, subterranean mammals employ the earth's magnetic field and self-generated (vestibular...

The International Workshop on Neutrinos and Subterranean Science (NeSS 2002) was held September 19-21 in Washington, DC, pursuant to a request from the executive branch of the U.S. government for a workshop to develop a roadmap that will guide neutrino and subterranean science investigations worldwide over the next few years. The interdisciplinary meeting was structured around scientific workin...

Simulated canals in clear resin blocks have been widely used in pre-clinical endodontic teaching. The artificial canal provides direct visualisation of procedures in root canal treatment. Stanuardised simulated root canals have been produced in the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya for dental education and research. The canals are easy and inexpensive to construct. An outline of the me...

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki is currently one of the most destructive pests in the USA. It is estimated to cost consumers over US dollars 1 billion annually for preventative and remedial treatment and to repair damage caused by this insect. The mission of the Formosan Subterranean Termite Research Unit of the Agricultural Research Service is to demonstrate t...

Most mandibular second molars have one and two canals in distal and mesial roots, respectively. This report represents four cases of mandibular second molars with a single mesial and two distal root canals with two different canal configurations. After access cavity preparation, two teeth had one distal and two mesial orifices, whereas in the two other teeth one mesial and two distal orifices w...

INTRODUCTION Orifice openers or orifice shapers are used to shape the coronal part of the root canals during endodontic treatment. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to analyse the cutting efficiency of Quantec Series 2000 system orifice shapers by means of computerised tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mandibular molars were selected, preoperative CT was performed and the cross-secti...

OBJECTIVE To compare the root canal morphology in the left and right mandibular premolars on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. METHODS In this analytical cross-sectional study, 457 CBCT images, including human left and right mandibular premolars were evaluated. CBCT scans were investigated in the three spatial planes and differences in the number of roots and canals were recorded. ...