China has some unique institutional features. For example, the shares of listed firms are segmented into negotiable and nonnegotiable. The controlling shareholders, usually connected to the government, hold nonnegotiable shares. We examine how these institutional features affected cash dividend payments in China during the period 1994-2006. We find that, despite China’s unique institutional set...

In all organisms, phenotypic variability is an evolutionary stipulation. Because the development of poikilothermic organisms depends directly on the temperature of their habitat, environmental variability is also an integral factor in models of their phenology. In this paper we present two existing phenology models, the distributed delay model and the Sharpe and DeMichele model, and develop an ...

It is desirable to incorporate heuristic and empirical knowledge including hydrological and bio-geochemical considerations into the selection process of a potential landfill site. In this paper, a prototype expert system for the selection of a landfill site, with hybrid knowledge representation approach under object-oriented design environment in a blackboard architecture, is described. It inco...

<span class="fontstyle0">Land as a source of human life, has economic value, apart from being means fulfilling housing well life. Legal certainty for owners land rights been regulated sure, but can be lost or destroyed through natural factors and government regulations. The provisions have in PP 18 2021 Ministerial Regulation ATR/BPN NO 17/2021. determination needs to more careful, especi...

penalty clause or liquidated damage which is formerly agreed between parties is legally examined and accepted as a rule. although judge could in some circumstances modify this stipulation. yet its economic analysis which is focused on economic efficiency can be considered as a “major unexplained puzzle in the economic theory of law”. this article compares the major legal systems in the case of ...

Fiscal policy is defined as the action taken by government, which related to opinion and spending of money. What meant here management state revenues expenditures carried out government a country. Indonesia's fiscal reflected in State Expenditure Opinion Budget (APBN). In APBN, there stipulation regarding allocation distribution finances. Islamic countries, finances handled Bayt al-mal. al-Mal ...

This study focuses on appraising the right of wounded and sick to medical confidentiality within context international armed conflict in International Humanitarian Law. It finds a correlation between general protection accorded IHL. The paper argues that hostilities, just like peacetime, exists protect sick. However, it is major finding this as important may be, because military personnel owe d...

The distinction between semantics and pragmatics is easier to apply than to explain. Explaining it is complicated by the fact that many conflicting formulations have been proposed over the past sixty years. This might suggest that there is no one way of drawing the distinction and that how to draw it is merely a terminological question, a matter of arbitrary stipulation. In my view, though, the...

In global computing applications the availability of a mechanism for some form of committed choice can be useful, and sometimes necessary. It can conveniently handle, e.g., contract stipulation, distributed agreements, and negotiations with nested choice points to be carried out concurrently. We propose a linguistic extension of the Join calculus for programming nested commits, called Committed...

In the literature of collective intentions, the ‘we-intentions’ that lie behind cooperative actions are analysed in terms of individual mental states. The core forms of these analyses imply that all Nash equilibrium behaviour is the result of collective intentions, even though not all Nash equilibria are cooperative actions. Unsatisfactorily, the latter cases have to be excluded either by stipu...