Spatial scan statistics are well-known methods for cluster detection and widely used in epidemiology medical studies detecting evaluating the statistical significance of disease hotspots. For sake simplicity, classical spatial statistic assumes that observations outcome variable different locations independent, while practice data may exhibit a correlation. In this article, we use autoregressiv...

Abstract When assessing the oil reserves of a given region, often the statistic S = R/P is used, where R denotes the amount of proven reserves in the region and P is the current rate of production. This statistic can be misleading because the rate of production typically varies over time. We investigate a general framework for oil discovery and production and find the limit of S as time tends t...

In a randomized clinical trial, a statistic that measures the proportion of treatment effect on the primary clinical outcome that is explained by the treatment effect on a surrogate outcome is a useful concept. We investigate whether a statistic proposed to estimate this proportion can be given a causal interpretation as defined by models of counterfactual variables. For the situation of binary...