Rice comes second after wheat in Iran`s food consumption economy. However Iran is one of the greatest rice importer countries all over the world because of its rising population and recent growth in GDP. This paper presents an analysis of cointegration test between rice import and it`s economic factors over the period 1990-2011, employing Engle-Granger model. At first, Dickey-Fuller test shows ...

BACKGROUND Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels are very low in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and it is used as a screening test. METHODS We assessed the reliability and usability of a hand-held analyser in comparison to a stationary nitric oxide (NO) analyser in 50 participants (15 healthy, 13 PCD, 22 other respiratory diseases; age 6-79 years). Nasal NO was measured using a stationary NO anal...

Background Geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) is a validated nutritional assessment method, and lower GNRI values are closely associated with adverse clinical outcomes in dialysis patients. This study investigated the impact of changes in GNRI during the first year of dialysis on cardiovascular outcomes in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods We reviewed medical records in...

In this paper we discuss the use of non-stationary penalty functions to solve general nonlinear programming problems (NP) using real-valued GAs. The non-stationary penalty is a function of the generation number; as the number of generations increases so does the penalty. Therefore, as the penalty increases it puts more and more selective pressure on the GA to nd a feasible solution. The ideas p...

Because of their increased sensitivity to spatially extended signals, cluster-size tests are widely used to detect changes and activations in brain images. However, when images are nonstationary, the cluster-size distribution varies depending on local smoothness. Clusters tend to be large in smooth regions, resulting in increased false positives, while in rough regions, clusters tend to be smal...

In this paper we discuss the use of non-stationary penalty functions to solve general nonlinear programming problems (NP) using real-valued GAS. The non-stationary penalty is a function of the generation number; as the number of generations increases so does the penalty. Therefore, as the penalty increases it puts more and more selective pressure on the GA to find a feasible solution. The ideas...

We propose a nonlinear heterogeneous panel unit root test for testing the null hypothesis of unit-root processes against the alternative that allows a proportion of units to be generated by globally stationary ESTAR processes and a remaining non-zero proportion to be generated by unit root processes. The proposed test is simple to apply and accommodates cross section dependence. Monte Carlo sim...

Simple exponential smoothing (SES) methods are the most commonly used methods in forecasting and time series analysis. However, they are generally insensitive to non-stationary structural events such as level shifts, ramp shifts, and spikes or impulses. Similar to that of outliers in stationary time series, these non-stationary events will lead to increased level of errors in the forecasting pr...

We consider a zero mean discrete time series, and define its discrete Fourier transform at the canonical frequencies. It can be shown that the discrete Fourier transform is asymptotically uncorrelated at the canonical frequencies if and if only the time series is second order stationary. Exploiting this important property, we construct a Portmanteau type test statistic for testing stationarity ...