A multi-Poisson structure on a Lie algebra g provides a systematic way to construct completely integrable Hamiltonian systems on g expressed in Lax form ∂Xλ/∂t = [Xλ, Aλ] in the sense of the isospectral deformation, where Xλ, Aλ ∈ g depend rationally on the indeterminate λ called the spectral parameter. In this paper, a method for modifying the isospectral deformation equation to the Lax equati...

This paper presents a toy model for the representation related phenomena. It is the representation that is always referred to. The represented thing in itself is indeterminate existence at a fundamental level of understanding. In order to capture such property of representation, this paper provides a toy model using an algebraic structure: torsor. The toy model captures this baselessness of rep...

This paper presents preliminary fi ndings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and are not necessarily refl ective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author...

erious allegations of fraud have been made with respect to Russia’s first competitive, party-based parliamentary election in December 1993. Although similar allegations have been made with respect to the 1995 parliamentary and 1996 presidential elections, those that concern 1993 are especially problematic. The assertion that over nine million ballots were fraudulently cast and that the turnout ...

We use the structure of media markets within states and across state boundaries to study the relationship between television and electoral competition. Specifically, we compare incumbent vote margins in media markets where the content originates in the same state as the media consumers versus those where the content originates out-of-state. This contrast provides a clear test of whether televis...