INTRODUCTION To assess scapular motion using reflective skin markers, two main methods can be used. The International Society of Biomechanics recommends to place three markers on three anatomical landmarks of the scapula (3AL) [1]. This method suffers from soft tissue artefact error [2]. To reduce it, Van Andel et al., proposes the use of an acromion marker cluster (AMC). It approximates real m...

BACKGROUND Failure of the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) is observed in patients with shoulder joint dysfunction. The SHR reportedly has a 2:1 ratio during scapular upward rotation with arm elevation. However, three-dimensional scapular motion analysis has indicated variations in this ratio according to the arm elevation angle. We observed 2 distinct patterns: the scapular upward rotation decrease...

Background: Lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) is one of the two most common tendinopathies of the upper limb. An exercise programme consisting of static stretching exercises, isometric and concentric-eccentric training has been recommended for the management of LET. Based mainly on clinical experience, rotator cuff and scapular musculature weakness in LET patients is commonly addressed increasin...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thoracic extension exercise on scapular alignment and thoracic kyphosis angle. [Subjects and Methods] Ten subjects with a kyphosis angle ≥40° and aged between 20 and 26 years participated in this study. This study investigated the scapular forward distance and thoracic kyphosis angle before and after the thoracic extension ex...

UNLABELLED The impaired performance of the muscles of the scapular region may result in injuries, fatigue, weakness and pain. The main objective of this research was to analyze the scapular positioning during the abduction of the shoulder movement in the frontal, scapular and sagittal plans. METHOD This cross-sectional study comprised a convenience sample of 20 individuals. It was used the di...

[Purpose] To investigate the effect of upward pulling combined with shoulder retraction (upward pulling plus exercise) on scapulocostal pain and scapular position. [Subject and Methods] A 22-year-old woman with severe pain in the right and left scapulocostal areas. The horizontal distance from the inferior angle to the spinal process was measured. The tester assessed scapulocostal pain after st...

The rotator cuff performs multiple functions during shoulder exercises, including glenohumeral abduction, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR). The rotator cuff also stabilizes the glenohumeral joint and controls humeral head translations. The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane abduction (scaption), generating forces that are two to three times...

Smooth motion of the scapula and humerus with respect to the thorax is essential for shoulder function and abnormalities may indicate clinical entities. Recent studies have made an attempt to devise simple, practical means of quantifying scapular position. The aim of this study was to examine the intra-tester and inter-tester reliability of two methods and to determine if significant difference...