This paper investigates a solution to the problem of causal ordering in message passing distributed systems Causal ordering is the restriction that messages are delivered in a fo fashion with respect to the global causal order between events in the system This is stronger than the condition that each local channel is fo In our algorithm causal ordering is implemented by having each process main...

We describe a method to exploit the mass-transfer limitations of microcontact printing for the fabrication of surfaces with well-defined, arbitrarily shaped composition variations. An analysis of the transport processes reveals that the printing of hexadecanethiol (HDT) from poly(dimethylsiloxane) is purely diffusion-controlled. Stamps with geometries that enhance surface-normal diffusion paths...

Levedahl (1995) claims that marginal 'welfare stigma' causes a dollar of food to provide less utility if bought with food stamps rather than cash, and that this explains why, in the United States, the marginal propensity to consume food out of food stamps is larger than that out of income. This hypothesis has been advanced to explain the so-called 'cash-out puzzle': the empirical observation th...

A token economy that used trading stamps as tokens was instituted at two dangerous open-pit mines. Employees earned stamps for working without lost-time injuries, for being in work groups in which all other workers had no lost-time injuries, for not being involved in equipment-damaging accidents, for making adopted safety suggestions, and for unusual behavior which prevented an injury or accide...

This paper describes a new methodology for analyzing overprinted stamps. This methodology is based on two procedures. The first performs precise measurements of the dimensions of overprints and a statistical analysis of the minor variations present among them. The second performs a colorimetric analysis of the ink used for printing the overprints. The goal is to determine if these methods can d...

This project started many years ago in a kitchen sink. The sink has changed, but the activity endures. Stamps have been a source of fascination and enjoyment for many children and adults alike, including the elite and powerful, presidents and kings. These tokens of payment for the service of communication between people have evolved over the last 150 years from drab bits of paper into sometimes...

| We propose and develop a novel virtual time reference system as a unifying scheduling framework to provide scalable support for guaranteed services. This virtual time reference system is designed as a conceptual framework upon which guaranteed services can be implemented in a scalable manner using the DiiServ paradigm. The key construct in the proposed virtual time reference system is the not...