We analyze the bonding in a number of networks of heavy main group elements comprised of finite-length linear chains fused at right angles. Isolated linear chain building blocks may be understood easily by analogy with three-orbital four-electron "hypervalent" bonding picture in such molecules as I(3)(-) and XeF(2). After deriving the appropriate electron-counting rules for such linear units, w...

Genetic manipulation of mammalian cells provides a foundation for contemporary biological research both basic and applied. Existing methods for construction and introduction of large scale exogenous genetic information into mammalian cells and for creating stable cell lines are not efficient and suffer from limitations in terms of cost, speed, flexibility, and reliability. In this thesis, a nov...

Extremum-seeking control is a class of methods where real-time static optimization of a dynamic system is achieved by controlling the gradient. Estimation of the gradient is a key issue in extremum-seeking methods. In multi-unit optimization, the gradient is obtained using finite difference of the outputs of multiple identical units driven with inputs that are offset by a design parameter. Howe...

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used to investigate the micromechanics of adhesive units, building blocks mixtures, comprising a carrier particle with attached micronised fine particles. Binary head-on collisions between units performed in handling and dispersion velocity regimes, variations mechanical properties (mannitol or lactose) size (50, 100, 200 ?m). system modeled spherical parti...

introduction: acute rejection of renal transplant is a serious and common systemic inflammatory disorder which leads to decreasing half-life of transplant organ. current diagnoses method is an invasive biopsy procedure on allogtraft kidney. therefore, applying a novel and noninvasive diagnostic method such as granzym b level in acute renal transplantation could help patients and improves surviv...

a detailed study of ostracoda changes against the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen acrossthe cenomanian-turonian boundary mass extinction has been fully documented in one section, the south ofengland. this section comprises the uppermost cenomanian to lowermost turonian strata. the comparisonbetween the results obtained in this research and two rival models for the cenomanian-turonian bound...

One of the main objectives of ecosystem management is to preserve the speciesdiversity. Many researchers regard higher species diversity as the stability of ecologicalsystems. The aim of this study is to investigate the stability and relationships betweentopographical factors with diversity indices in Ghorkhud mountainous rangeland innorthern Khorasan province, Iran. For data sampling (2012), l...

Power systems are composed of power units that are constantly connected to each other and the electric power flux is constantly moving between them. All systems must be implemented in such a way that not only under normal conditions but also unwanted inputs or disturbances, are applied. It also remains stable or returns to a stable name at the earliest possible time. The fundamental factors...