Various formulations of petroleum fractions in the light lubricating oil range provide efficient general insecticides for control of insect pests of citrus and have been used for this purpose for many years. The relatively low cost and high insecticidal efficiency of these materials make it probable that their widespread use in citrus culture will continue for some time. Many types of injury to...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cryogen sprays are used for cooling human skin during various laser treatments. Since characteristics of such sprays have not been completely understood, the optimal atomizing nozzle design and operating conditions for cooling human skin remain to be determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two commercial cryogenic spray nozzles are characterized by imaging the sprays and th...

An experimental study of heat transfer from hot metallic surfaces to water sprays was conducted in the single-phase, nucleate boiling, and transition boiling regimes of the quench curve for surface temperatures below 400 ~ C. Heat transfer measurements were made locally in the spray field using a heater surface area of 0.5 cm 2. The hydrodynamic properties of the sprays such as drop diameters, ...

The scattering of visible light in optically dense sprays compromises the ability of common spray imaging techniques to capture the quantitative liquid mass distribution. Because of reduced susceptibility to multiple scattering, X-ray radiography can overcome the difficulties associated with optical wavelengths and provide quantitative measurements of liquid mass distribution in a variety of sp...

A novel approach to reduce the multiple light scattering contribution in planar laser images of atomizing sprays is reported. This new technique, named Structured Laser Illumination Planar Imaging (SLIPI), has been demonstrated in the dense region of a hollow-cone water spray generated in ambient air at 50 bars injection pressure. The idea is based on using an incident laser sheet which is spat...

R-134a sprays have been widely used as a method to protect the epidermis during laser therapies of hyper-vascular lesions, such as port wine stains, due to their high heat flux and precise control of cooling duration. Recent studies have shown that the use of vacuum cups during laser treatment can physically dilate the vasculature of interest and improve therapeutic outcome. However, the effect...

Studies were conducted in 1989 and 1990 at Lane, Oklahoma, to evaluate the economic benefits of managing lepidopterous pests of fresh-market cabbage using Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki, or a pyrethroid insecticide in combination with an economic threshold based on larval density. Marketable cabbage yield and percent head damage were not significantly different among plots spraye...

Leishmaniasis has been of concern to the U.S. military and has re-emerged in importance because of recent deployments to the Middle East. We conducted a retrospective probabilistic risk assessment for military personnel potentially exposed to insecticides during the "Leishmaniasis Control Plan" (LCP) undertaken in 2003 at Tallil Air Base, Iraq. We estimated acute and subchronic risks from resme...

Pepper sprays are used in a variety of circumstances, including criminal activity, self-defense, and law enforcement. As such, the presence or absence of pepper sprays on evidentiary materials is often important when determining the facts of an incident. When no visible stains are present on evidentiary materials, ascertaining the presence or absence of pepper spray can be a challenge to the fo...

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is considered a key citrus pest due to its role as vector of 'huanglongbing' (HLB) or citrus greening, probably the most economically damaging disease of citrus. Insecticidal control of the vector is still considered a cornerstone of HLB management to prevent infection and to reduce reinoculation of infected trees. The severity of HLB ha...