The unpredictable rise and frequent scarcity of fossil fuel accelerated the continuous search for an alternative power source. Solar is one of the renewable and sustainable sources of power that attracted a large community of researchers from all over the world. This is largely due to its abundant in both direct and indirect form. As such the development of efficient and inexpensive equipment f...

An experimental methodology was developed to improve the energy design of paddle dryers for sewage sludges. A laboratory batch dryer with a vertical agitator has been especially designed and instrumented to determine the heat flux densities. To determine the drying kinetic and the evaporating flow rates, the specific heat and the total heat of desorption of the sludge were measured using calori...

Skim milk of approximately 3% total protein was ultrafiltered to 16.2% protein and 4.1 % lactose, and then diafiltered to reduce lactose to 2.1% and 0.9%. Total protein con ten t was maintained at approximately 17%. A ponion of the sk im milk was condensed in a rising film evaporator to 14.7% protein and 15.7 % lactose . All concentrates were spray dried at 120 to 125 °C inlet air temperature a...

Manufactured egg powders can be formulated to produce food products that vary in their properties. The present study aims determine the effect of white content on physicochemical characteristics and functionality nutritional value dried whole (WE), (W), an yolk/white mixture a 1:3 ratio (M1:3). These fresh were spray-dried using sucrose—an agent recognized for its protecting protein during dryi...

To achieve an efficient lung delivery and efficacy, both active ingredient aerosolisation properties and permeability through the lung need to be optimized. To overcome these challenges, the present studies aim to develop cyclodextrin-based spray-dried microparticles containing a therapeutic corticosteroid (budesonide) that could be used to control airway inflammation associated with asthma. Th...

The performances of four different designs for a pilot-scale spray dryer have been evaluated and compared based on experimentally measured particle residence time distributions (RTD), recovery rates physical properties spray-dried fresh skim milk. RTDs using dye pulse injection method, the measurements fitted to models continuous stirred-tank reactors in series (CSTR-TIS) quantitative performan...

BACKGROUND Hair dryers are commonly used and can cause hair damage such as roughness, dryness and loss of hair color. It is important to understand the best way to dry hair without causing damage. OBJECTIVE The study assessed changes in the ultra-structure, morphology, moisture content, and color of hair after repeated shampooing and drying with a hair dryer at a range of temperatures. METH...