Reverse osmosis is increasingly used in drinking water supply for treatment of fresh sources which can directly result high quality water. In practice reverse never applied on sources, predominantly because the occurrence membrane fouling. Strategies to control fouling without expensive and extensive pre-treatment include low flux operation, increase cross-flow velocities improved (periodic) hy...

In recent years, high permeability membranes (HPMs) have attracted wide attention in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination. However, the limitation of hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics for conventional spiral wound modules defeats advantage HPMs. Feed spacer design is one effective ways to improve module performance by enhancing permeation flux mitigating membrane fouling. ...

We present the 2-D photometric decomposition of the Virgo galaxy IC3328. The analysis of the global light distribution of this morphologically classified nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxy (dE1,N) reveals a tightly wound, bi-symmetric spiral structure with a diameter of 4.5 kpc, precisely centered on the nucleus of the dwarf. The amplitude of the spiral is only three percent of the dwarf’s surfa...

The enzymatic ATP-hydrolyzing system in the stria vascularis and spiral ligament of the normal guinea pig was investigated. The existence of membrane ATPase, which is said to be closely related to the active transport of sodium and potassium across biological membranes, was established. The membrane ATPase in the present study was found to be similar in many respects to that found in various ti...

Recent high resolution images of spiral galaxies show wide varieties of features including nuclear spirals in the central parts. Some of the galaxies show grand-design nuclear spirals. The morphology of grand-design spirals can be further divided by the openness of the arms: tightly wound ones with winding angle of around 3π radian and open spirals with winding angle of around π radian. Based o...

Skim milk ultrafiltration is worldwide used in dairy. Its management at industrial scale based on the permeate flux mastering, first bottleneck, and consequently nature of overall fouling which not yet fully understood with respect to membrane lifespan. The second bottleneck mastering control cleaning efficiency aiming full removal initial irreversible mainly made proteins. In this study, we ha...

BACKGROUND The separation performance of seven polymer membranes for the nanofiltration of sodium lactate in fermentation broth was investigated. Each module was introduced into the test stand, and the system curve was obtained by recording the permeate flow velocity at different pump head levels. Performance benchmarks were good permeate quality, as determined by high permeate flow velocity, h...

The fouling of a spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane after nearly 1 year of service in a brackish water treatment plant was investigated using optical and electron microscopic methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Both the top surface and the cross-section of the fouled membrane were analysed to moni...

Commercial nanofiltration (NF) membranes in spiral-wound configuration (NP030 from Microdyn Nadir and Desal DK from GE Water & Process Technologies) were used in a sequential design in order to produce a separated fraction of phenolic and sugar compounds from an aqueous artichoke extract. For both membranes, the effect of transmembrane pressure (TMP) on the permeation flux was evaluated. In...