21 The mammalian lumbar spinal cord has the capability to generate locomotor activity in the 22 absence of input from the brain. Previously, we reported that transcutaneous electrical 23 stimulation of the spinal cord at vertebral level T11 can activate the locomotor circuitry in non24 injured subjects when their legs are placed in a gravity neutral position (Gorodnichev et al., 25 2012). In th...

Injury-induced overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in the spinal cord can induce chronic neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity that ultimately undermines functional recovery. Here we investigate how TNFα might also act to upset spinal function by modulating spinal plasticity. Using a model of instrumental learning in the injured spinal cord, we have previously shown that periphe...

Extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters were studied in isolated frog spinal cord grey matter and filum terminale (FT), that is predominantly composed of glial cells and axons. We compared the cell swelling induced by K(+) application, hypotonic stress and tetanic stimulation of afferent input. The ECS diffusion parameters, volume fraction alpha (alpha = ECS volume/total tissue volume), ...

The descending pathways from the brainstem locomotor areas were investigated by utilizing reversible cooling (to block synaptic or fiber transmission) and irreversible subtotal lesions of the brainstem or spinal cord (C2-C3 level). Experiments were conducted on decerebrate cats induced to walk on a treadmill by electrical stimulation of the brainstem. Locomotion produced by stimulation of the m...

The level of sustainable excitability within lumbar spinal cord circuitries is one of the factors determining the functional outcome of locomotor therapy after motor-incomplete spinal cord injury. Here, we present initial data using noninvasive transcutaneous lumbar spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) to modulate this central state of excitability during voluntary treadmill stepping in three motor-i...

By electrically stimulating the spinal cord, it is possible to activate functional populations of neurons that modulate motor and sensory function. One method for accessing these neurons is via their associated axons, which project as functionally segregated longitudinal columns of white-matter funiculi (i.e., spinal tracts). To stimulate spinal tracts without penetrating the cord, we have rece...

conclusion lower back pain is a major healthcare issue and this review article will help educate the pain practitioners about the current evidence based treatment options. results this review article describes the most common modalities available to an interventional pain physician along with the most relevant current and past references for the treatment of lower back pain. all the graphics an...

OBJECTIVE This is the first case describing an episode of acute renal failure occurring during a spinal cord stimulation trial. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 48-year-old male with a history of hypertension and 3 prior failed spine surgeries underwent a trial of spinal cord stimulation for uncontrolled bilateral lower extremity neuropathic pain. Two days after the placement of the percutaneous stimu...