The understanding of mechanisms and conditions plague microbe aggregation in vectors (fleas) organisms has been interest for a long time, and, with start biofilm research 1990s, it got new perspectives.
 With the aim to determine characteristics organism main vector Tuva natural focus flea Citellophilus tesquorum species, data many years experimental studies focused on typical virulent str...

The efficacy of liquid deltamethrin was evaluated for controlling fleas on golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, and chipmunks, Tamias amoenus and T. senex. A host-targeted bait tube was modified to deliver insecticide to visiting rodents during a seven-week trial conducted in the Southern Cascade Mountains of northern California. A single deltamethrin treatment with one repl...

Mammalian hibernators are unique in their ability to cope with freezing temperatures. Some mammals can lower their body temperatures to as low as –2.9°C for several weeks. In the golden-mantle ground squirrel, Spermophilus lateralis, this period of low body temperature, called torpor, is interrupted by arousals during which body temperature rises as much as 30°C in a matter of hours. Squirrels ...

Because young ground squirrels are vulnerable to predation, selection would favor the early ability to respond to alarm calls. This requires discrimination of classes of alarm calls from each other as well as from non-alarm calls. Pre-emergent auditory experience may influence the development of discrimination. As a means of determining when Belding's ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) ca...

Gonadectomized male golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis) were implanted with estradiol benzoate (EB)-filled or empty capsules. Body mass was monitored before, during, and for at least 1 yr after hormone treatment. EB treatment during the mass-gain phase of the annual cycle significantly decelerated increases in body mass; the period of the circannual rhythm (CAR) of body ma...

BACKGROUND Echinococcus granulosus is usually transmitted between canid definitive hosts and ungulate intermediate hosts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Lesions found in the livers of ground squirrels, Spermophilus dauricus/alashanicus, trapped in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, an area in China co-endemic for both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, were subjected to molecular genotyping for...

Hibernation is an adaptation for energy conservation, which probably evolved as an extension of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep mechanisms. Yet, during periodic arousals from bouts of deep hibernation, ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) spend most of their time asleep. Spectral analysis of the electroencephalogram revealed that cortical slow-wave intensity during sleep is high at the beginn...

The acoustic structure of calls within call types can vary as function of individual identity, sex, and social group membership and is important in kin and social group recognition. Belding’s ground squirrels ~Spermophilus beldingi! produce alarm chirps that function in predator avoidance but little is known about the acoustic variability of these alarm chirps. The purpose of this preliminary s...