A survey of the development of the spark chamber from the spark counter is given. An effort has been made to clarify the early history of the device. Some unpublished recent Russian work on spark chambers is summarized. A consistent terminology for the various times relevant to spark chamber operation is suggested.

Lean-burn is an attractive concept for reasons of high thermal efficiency and low nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, however, successful implementation in spark-ignition (SI) engines turned out to be challenging because misfire or partial burn caused by attenuated flame propagation. In order overcome this issue, microwave-assisted plasma ignition system (MAPIS) has been applied combustion systems....

Abstract In this study, a single-cylinder direct-injection spark-ignition research engine with full optical access was used to investigate the influence of flow field and fuel/air mixing on cyclic variability, in particular early flame propagation. The operated under lean-burn conditions at 1500 rpm. Two different injection strategies were compared, port-fuel (PFI) direct (DI), latter late spli...

This paper describes the design and performance of a miniature cylinder pressure sensor packaged either as a stand-alone device or integrated with a cylinder head gasket, glow plug, fuel injector, or spark plug. Benefitting from a fiber-optic based design the sensing element can operate at ultra-high temperatures and is not affected by EMI. This low cost device utilizes the principle of light i...

The possibility to use carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enriched with a certain amount of metal nanoparticles for photo-inducing the combustion of liquid fuel sprays, gaseous and solid fuels was investigated in different research works. CNTs photo-ignition phenomenon has been used to trigger the combustion of different fuel typologies, demonstrating better features compared with those obtained by employ...

The role of components in an Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) for a spark and both the phenomenon and mechanism of a spark are elaborated and then the type of spark is classified by the condition of shortage between the discharge and collecting electrodes. The secondary voltage and current waveforms of a spark are discussed in order to address the severe effect of the secondary and primary curre...

The aim of this project is to introduce Spark Clouds, which integrate spark lines into a tag cloud to convey trends between multiple tag clouds. Spark Clouds ability is to show trends compares favorably to the alternative visualizations. In the Existing System, Tag clouds are used to display the relative tag frequency, popularity, or importance by font size. They serve as a visual summary of do...

Decision tree is one of the most widely used classification methods. For massive data processing, MapReduce is a good choice. Whereas, MapReduce is not suitable for iterative algorithms. The programming model of Spark is proposed as a memory-based framework that is fit for iterative algorithms and interactive data mining. In this paper, C4.5 is implemented on both MapReduce and Spark. The resul...

Apache Spark is a popular framework for writing large scale data processing applications. Our long term goal is to develop automatic tools for reasoning about Spark programs. This is challenging because Spark programs combine database-like relational algebraic operations and aggregate operations, corresponding to (nested) loops, with User Defined Functions (UDFs). In this paper, we present a no...

Spark is a popular framework for writing large scale data processing applications. Our goal is to develop tools for reasoning about Spark programs. This is challenging because Spark programs combine database-like relational algebraic operations and aggregate operations with User Defined Functions (UDF s). We present the first technique for verifying the equivalence of Spark programs. We model S...