Ever-increasing numbers of human interactions with intelligent software agents, online and offline, their increasing ability to influence humans have prompted a surge in attention toward the concept (online) manipulation. Several scholars argued that manipulative is always hidden. But manipulation sometimes overt, when this acknowledged distinction between other forms social becomes problematic...

Note: The following version of this paper does not contain the proofs of the stated theorems. A longer version, complete with proofs, is forthcoming. §1. Introduction. In "The truth is never simple" (1986) and its addendum (1988), Burgess conducts a breathtakingly comprehensive survey of the complexity of the set of truths which arise when you add a truth predicate to arithmetic, and interpret ...