OBJECTIVES To estimate the excess cost of stroke in Sweden and the potential costs that could be avoided by preventing first-ever strokes. METHODS We adopted the incidence approach for estimating the present value of both direct and indirect costs. Data on mortality, stroke recurrence, and inpatient care were estimated from a national register of patient data with a four-year follow-up period...

Abstract As a complement to high-cost cooperation as assessed in economic games, the concept of social mindfulness focuses on low-cost acts kindness. While seems quite natural, performed by many most time (reaching level 60–70 percent), what happens if such become more costly, and costs salient? The present research replicates prevalence when are salient, but low. Yet we show that, with small i...

This paper conducts an empirical study on output, costs and incomes in organic farming with a sample of Spanish firms. Financial accounting data reveals that organic and partly or transitional to organic farming do not get significantly different output than intensive farming. Farms in transition to organic farming bear significantly higher costs and obtain significantly lower income than inten...

BACKGROUND/AIMS This study analyzed the scale and trends of the social and economic costs of liver disease in Korea for the past 5 years. METHODS The social aspects of socioeconomic costs were projected for viral hepatitis (B15-B19), liver cirrhosis, malignant neoplasm of the liver (C22) and other liver diseases (K70-K76), as representative diseases by dividing costs into direct and indirect ...

Abstract Discounting plays a large role in cost-optimization models, but is nevertheless often only covered little detail energy system models. The aim of this paper to highlight the effects varying discount rates and social costs carbon models with example Global Energy System (GENeSYS-MOD), propagating open debate transparency about chosen parameters for model applications. In doing so, adds ...

The disease costs of sociality have largely been understood through the link between group size and transmission. However, infectious disease spread is driven primarily by the social organization of interactions in a group and not its size. We used statistical models to review the social network organization of 47 species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and insects by categorizing eac...