The strength of snow-albedo feedback (SAF) in transient climate change simulations of the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is generally determined by the surfacealbedo decrease associated with a loss of snow cover rather than the reduction in snow albedo due to snow metamorphosis in a warming climate. The large intermodel spread in SAF strength is likewise attr...

Muscle's contractile properties can vary along different trajectories, including between muscle fiber types, along the body (within a muscle fiber type), and between developmental stages. This study explores the role of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC2) in modulating contractile properties in rainbow trout myotomal muscle. Rainbow trout show longitudinal variations in muscle activation a...

Newly formed hybrid populations provide an opportunity to examine the initial consequences of secondary contact between species and identify genetic patterns that may be important early in the evolution of hybrid inviability. Widespread introductions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into watersheds with native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) have resulted in hybridization. These in...

MODIS, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is scheduled for launch in late 1998 or 1999 aboard the first Earth Observing System (EOS) platform. Global, daily snow-cover maps with a spatial resolution of 500 meters will be produced from MODIS data using a fully-automated and computationally-frugal snow-mapping algorithm. Recently, modifications to the original snow-mapping...

Snow cover plays a crucial role in surface hydrology and energy balance, especially in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). This study used 12 years (2000–2011) of ground-observed snow depth at 87 meteorological stations to assess and verify the accuracy of the daily cloud-free snow-cover product from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the QTP. On average, the daily cl...

Amphibian population declines and extinctions are occurring even in the world's least impacted areas. The introduction and spread of nonnative predators is one of many proposed causes of amphibian declines. Correlational studies have shown a negative relationship between introduced fishes and declining amphibians, but little direct experimental evidence is available. This study experimentally m...

Redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri) migrations were tracked between March 2007 and June 2009 in the Donner und Blitzen River, Oregon, USA, using radio telemetry and PIT tags. We investigated the upstream extent and timing of spawning migrations for two groups of trout, considered the factors that influenced the rate of trout migration and explored the seasonal patterns of redband trou...

1Authors would like to thank D. Jesenšek, the head of the Hatchery Tolmin, for excellent cooperation. 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Received December 16, 1996. Accepted March 17, 1997. Figure 1. Twelve alleles representing 16 different genotypes. Lanes 1 to 2: brown trout from the Ohrid lake; lanes 3 to 10: the Danubian and Atlantic brown trout; lane 11: hybrid between marble and...

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Snow density is a key property in monitoring the water content of snow-covered regions. However, sampling snow density is a difficult and time consuming task, which explains why few previous studies have analyzed the spatial variability of snow density. In this study we analyzed snow density measurements made in February...