Snow cover area is one of the most important criteria to calculate snow melt runoff. This can have an effect on the biology of the plant and the environment of a region. Using the catchment basin physical characteristic to calculate snow cover area is a conventional method, though its accuracy is not good enough. Most of the useful methods in calculating snow cover area are based on satellite i...

BACKGROUND Fungi are key dietary resources for many animals. Fungi, in consequence, have evolved sophisticated physical and chemical defences for repelling and impairing fungivores. Expression of such defences may entail costs, requiring diversion of energy and nutrients away from fungal growth and reproduction. Inducible resistance that is mounted after attack by fungivores may allow fungi to ...

Photoactive nanoparticles are used to reduce microbial colonization and self-clean surfaces of materials such as glass ceramics. To test whether an approach is feasible for wood surfaces, we treated radiata pine samples with TiO2 (rutile anatase) or ZnO then coated the different finishes. Coated uncoated controls were exposed outdoors six months. After exposure, fungi colonizing identified usin...

Raw milk is an ideal growth medium for microorganisms (including many fungal species), as such milk provides all necessary nutrients and conditions for their growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity of microscopic fungi in the milk obtained in Latvian organic farms depending on cow herd size and season. The study was carried out on 547 milk samples taken from ...

To make food resources accessible, provide supplemental nutrition and fend off parasites, animals, including humans, often rely on symbiotic microorganisms (Dethlefsen et al. 2007; Rosenberg et al. 2007; Klepzig et al. 2009). In contrast, many microbes, such as filamentous fungi or bacteria, render food sources unpalatable to animals (Janzen 1977; Burkepile et al. 2006; Rozen et al. 2008). Inse...

This paper presents the results of snow cover monitoring studies in Liaoning Province, northeastern China, using MODIS data. Snow cover plays an important role in both the regional water balance and soil moisture properties during the early spring in northeastern China. In addition, heavy snowfalls commonly trigger hazards such as flooding, caused by rapid snow melt, or crop failure, resulting ...

Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number parameters, which also lead to changes in resistance wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates effects hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 without commercial tannins, additives fresh wood) on decay mould fungi modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudo...