Let Γ = (V,E) be a simple graph. For a nonempty set X ⊆ V , and a vertex v ∈ V , δX(v) denotes the number of neighbors v has in X. A nonempty set S ⊆ V is a defensive k-alliance in Γ = (V,E) if δS(v) ≥ δS̄(v)+k, ∀v ∈ S. A defensive k-alliance S is called global if it forms a dominating set. The global defensive k-alliance number of Γ, denoted by γ k(Γ), is the minimum cardinality of a defensive ...

Let be a connected Cayley graph of group G, then Γ is called normal if the right regular representation of G is a normal subgroup of , the full automorphism group of Γ. For the case where G is a finite nonabelian simple group and Γ is symmetric cubic Cayley graph, Caiheng Li and Shangjin Xu proved that Γ is normal with only two exceptions. Since then, the normality of nonsymmetric cubic Cayley ...

In this paper, we study Lie and Jordan Structure in Simple Γ− Regular Ring of characteristic not equal to two. Some Properties of these Γ− Regular Ring are determined.

If G=(VG,EG) is a graph of order n, we call S⊆VG an isolating set if the induced by VG−NG[S] contains no edges. The minimum cardinality G called isolation number G, and it denoted ι(G). It known that ι(G)≤n3 bound sharp. A subset dominating in NG[S]=VG. domination number, γ(G). In this paper, analyze family trees T where ι(T)=γ(T), prove ι(T)=n3 implies ι(T)=γ(T). Moreover, give different equiv...

Let M be a simple manifold, and F be a component of ∂M of genus two. For a slope γ on F , we denote by M(γ) the manifold obtained by attaching a 2-handle to M along a regular neighborhood of γ on F . In this paper, we shall prove that there is at most one separating slope γ on F so that M(γ) is ∂-reducible.

Margulis showed that “most” arithmetic groups are superrigid. Platonov conjectured, conversely, that finitely generated linear groups which are superrigid must be of “arithmetic type.” We construct counterexamples to Platonov’s Conjecture. 1. Platonov’s conjecture that rigid linear groups are aritmetic (1.1) Representation rigid groups. Let Γ be a finitely generated group. By a representation o...

Let Σ g,b be an oriented genus g surface with b boundary components and p punctures and let Mod(Σ g,b) be its mapping class group, that is, the group of isotopy classes of orientation–preserving diffeomorphisms of Σ g,b that fix the boundary components and punctures pointwise (we will omit b or p if they vanish). A long–standing conjecture of Ivanov (see [7] for a recent discussion) says that f...

Write Θ for the stable character associated to a finite dimensional representation E of a connected real reductive group G. Let M be the centralizer of a maximal torus T , and denote by ΦM (γ,Θ ) Arthur’s extension of |D M (γ)| 1 2Θ(γ) to T (R). In this paper we give a simple explicit expression for ΦM (γ,Θ ), when γ is elliptic in G.

This research investigated community perception towards dowry practice and its economic consequences in District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 230 respondents were selected through simple random sampling technique to portray information. Chi square (χ2) Gamma (γ) test statistics used determine the level association strength direction between variables. The results indicated...