162 Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care 2003: 29(3) Background Inevitably there are limited long-term safety data for any new contraceptive method. Detailed scientific studies, performed in a small number of women, provide evidence on mode of action. Larger clinical trials examine efficacy, side effects and acceptability. The number of women-years of exposure is less than fo...

Recent empirical research conducted by Joshua Knobe has uncovered two asymmetries in our judgments about intentional action and moral responsibility. First, people are more inclined to say that a side effect was brought about intentionally when they regard that side effect as bad than when they regard it as good. Second, people are more inclined to ascribe blame to someone for bad effects than ...

We present a library of generic monadic constructs for embedded languages. It is an extension of Syntactic, a Haskell library for defining and processing generic abstract syntax. Until now, Syntactic has been mostly suited to implement languages based on pure, side effect free, expressions. The presented extension allows the pure expressions to also contain controlled side effects, enabling the...

We explore if traditional sharing norms in extended kinship systems distort consumption and accumulation decisions of poor black households in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Our results suggest households try to evade their “sharing obligations” by (i) accumulating durables that are non-sharable at the expense of durables that may be shared, (ii) increasing consumption of non-durables, and (iii) ...

The reuse of public data (PD) is driven by technological advances, by the increasing volumes of published or collected PD by institutions and citizens, as well as national and European legislative frameworks. This paper compares this dynamic in three European countries (United Kingdom, France and Italy) as well as in the United States, from institutional platforms and on several territorial sca...

This paper presents a new framework to tackle the lack of technology availability in learning environments such as schools. The framework is based on the hypothesis that the commonly heard reasons for the scarcity of technology, such as high-cost and complicated budgeting models, are side effects of centralized management styles and an exaggerated belief in the mass-production mindset. The new ...

This paper is a brief for the introduction of a subsidy to any qualified firm for its use of low-wage employees as a means to reduce the unemployment and raise the pay of disadvantaged workers. There would be a case for such a wage subsidy in all the advanced market economies, and certainly the American one, regardless of recent trends. The case has grown stronger, however, with the worsening o...

The extent to which a low probability event can be imagined appears to increase the weight attached to the possibility of that event occurring. Two experiments tested contrasting accounts of how this ‘imagability’ of events is enhanced. The experiments used negative (e.g. suffering the side effect of a vaccine) and positive (e.g. winning a lottery) low probability events. Both experiments found...

Many cost-based planning heuristics are based on partial or complete delete relaxation. Definitions of these heuristics are of different nature, which makes it difficult to establish relations and formal comparisons among them. In this paper, we propose a unified definition with enough generality to cover most of existing heuristics. Important relations among heuristics can be derived from our ...