The rate of rebleeding of esophageal varices remains high after cessation of acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage. Many measures have been developed to prevent the occurrence of rebleeding. When considering their effectiveness in reduction of rebleeding, the associated complications cannot be neglected. Due to unavoidable high incidence of complications, shunt surgery and endoscopic injection s...

Surgery for portal hypertension began in 1877, with Nicolai Vladirmirovich who performed the fi rst portacaval anastomosis. There was little clinical success until Blakemore and Whipple between the 1920’s and 1940’s: the mortality rate ranged from 25-40%. Hepatic encephalopathy was a clinical problem. In 1960, Warren and collegues performed a distal splenorenal shunt, which reduced the incidenc...

Intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IPSS) are rare congenital anomalies arising from disordered portal vein embryogenesis. It has been described in both children and adults and may be asymptomatic or be associated with a variety of neurophysiological and pulmonary complications. When recognized, early intervention to occlude the shunt will reverse the associated complications. Literature review ...

A series of 38 patients in whom vascular access for haemodialysis was achieved by establishing an arterio-venous shunt or arterio-venous fistula, is presented. Arteriovenous fistula provides adequate vascular access for long term haemodialysis and is associated with lesser number of complications. Arterio-venous shunt on the other hand is satisfactory for obtaining vascular access for short per...

BACKGROUND The estimated prevalence of hydrocephalus in all age groups is between 1% and 1.5%. Placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt in such patients offers them relatively normal lives. There are minimal data concerning the risk of postoperative complications in patients with shunts who undergo subsequent major visceral operations. We hypothesized that healthy adults who had VP shunts...

The ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt has been one of the primary methods for treating hydrocephalus many years and is most frequent surgical interventions performed in neurosurgery using a variety techniques different VP types. Consequently, insertion associated with complications, including failure, functional mechanical failure such as migration. Shunt migration to gastrointestinal or urogenit...

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage catheters have been associated with numerous complications in various anatomic locations, because of migration, infection, and obstruction. However, breast-related CSF shunt complications tend to occur infrequently or have seldom been reported in the empirical literature. Therefore, a case is presented detailing a breast pseudocyst caused by migration and subs...

A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an expandable metal stent inserted via the jugular vein that creates a shunt from the portal vein to the systemic circulation via an artificial communication through the liver. It is used to treat complications of portal hypertension. In addition to rescue treatment in variceal bleeding, TIPS can play an important role in prevention of r...