A key disagreement exists between global climate model (GCM) simulations and satellite observations of the decadal variability in the tropical-mean radiation budget. Measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) over the period 1984–2001 indicate a trend of increasing longwave emission and decreasing shortwave reflection that no GCM can currently reproduce. Motivated by these r...

The authors have decomposed the anthropogenic aerosol radiative forcing into direct contributions from each aerosol species to the planetary energy balance through absorption and scattering of solar radiation, indirect effects of anthropogenic aerosol on solar and infrared radiation through droplet and crystal nucleation on aerosol, and semidirect effects through the influence of solar absorpti...

We review the development of a new type of model for simulation and theory of the tropical atmospheric component of climate variations. These models are referred to as \quasi-equilibrium tropical circulation models", or QTCMs, because they make use of approximations associated with quasi-equilibrium (QE) convective parameterizations originally proposed by Arakawa and Schubert. The formulation u...

Observations show that the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased since 1950s over most global land areas due to a smaller warming in maximum temperatures (Tmax) than in minimum temperatures (Tmin). This paper analyzes the trends and variability in Tmax, Tmin, and DTR over land in observations and 48 simulations from 12 global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models f...

The impact of Asian dust on cloud radiative forcing during 2003–2006 is studied by using the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy Budget Scanner (CERES) data and the Fu-Liou radiative transfer model. Analysis of satellite data shows that the dust aerosol significantly reduced the cloud cooling effect at TOA. In dust contaminated cloudy regions, the 4-year mean values of the instantaneous shortwave...

The effects of air temperature, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, solar shortwave radiation, thermal longwave radiation, and rain on the performance of participants in the annual Stockholm Marathon from 1980 to 2008 were analysed statistically. The objective was to validate and extend previous studies by including data on finishing times of slower male and female runners and on the pe...

Abstract Based on the measurements conducted over landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica during sea-ice growth season 2016, various parameterization schemes high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model HIGHTSI are evaluated. The scheme of turbulent fluxes produces largest errors compared with for other surface heat fluxes. However, thickness simulation is most sensitive to differences u...

Most of the current coupled general circulation models show a strong warm bias in the eastern Tropical Atlantic. In this paper, various sensitivity experiments with the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) are described. A largely reduced warm bias and an improved seasonal cycle in the eastern Tropical Atlantic are simulated in one particular version of KCM. By comparing the stable and well-tested standard...

Many important greenhouse gases (including water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone) absorb solar radiation. When gas concentrations change, this absorption exerts a radiative forcing that modifies the thermal infrared (‘longwave’) which is predominant for most (ozone being major exception). The nature of differs from longwave in several ways. For example, sign instantaneous can differ b...